HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |

Cancer Research | Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research | Cell Growth & Differentiation

Institution: University of Pittsburgh HSLS | Sign In via User Name/Password

Clinical Cancer Research Information for Authors Important Notice Regarding New Electronic Manuscript Submission System. Clinical Cancer Research has changed to a new manuscript submission and peer review system. Effective August 22, 2007, authors submitting new manuscripts to Clinical Cancer Research are required to submit manuscripts online via AACR SmartSubmit (http://ccr.msubmit.net). New submissions will be given a manuscript number higher than CCR-07-4000. If you are submitting a REVISED version of a manuscript originally submitted via Clinical Cancer Research’s previous system, Rapid Review, you must submit your revision via Rapid Review (http://www.rapidreview.com/AACR2/CALogon.jsp). Revised manuscripts will have a manuscript number lower than CCR-07-4000.
Submit a Manuscript to Clinical Cancer Research: |
1. Scope | 7. Journal Style
2. Categories of Publication | 8. Copyright and Permissions
3. Editorial Policy | 9. Advertisements
4. Review Process | 10. Subscriptions and Business Inquiries
5. Submission Procedures | 11. Abreviations and Acronyms
6. Journal Format |
1. SCOPE Clinical Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, publishes original articles describing clinical research on the cellular and molecular characterization, prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of human cancer. Its focus is on innovative clinical research and translational research that bridges the laboratory and the clinic. Clinical Cancer Research is especially interested in clinical trials evaluating new treatments for cancer; research on molecular abnormalities that predict incidence, response to therapy, and outcome; and laboratory studies of new drugs and biological agents that will lead to clinical trials in patients. Specific areas of interest include clinical and translational research in molecular pharmacology and chemotherapy; drug sensitivity and resistance; tumor immunology and immunotherapy; radiobiology and radiation oncology; solid tumor oncology; hematological malignancies; surgical oncology; pediatric oncology; molecular oncology and cancer genes; pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators; growth factors, cytokines, and signal transduction; bone marrow transplantation; gene therapy; cancer endocrinology; cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis; prevention of primary and recurrent cancer; differentiation and cell death; clinical genetics; and detection of minimal disease. 2. CATEGORIES OF PUBLICATION The following types of articles will be considered for publication: (1) Research Articles. Research articles should be no more than 5000 words with a total of no more than 6 tables or figures and 50 references. They should report on original cancer research in the following areas: Human Cancer Biology: Studies that use human tissue to improve our understanding of the biology of cancer. Susceptibility and Prevention: Genetic, environmental, or molecular mechanisms that define an individual or a population’s unique predilection for developing cancer and offer insights on prevention. Imaging and Diagnosis: New methods to diagnose or detect cancer more precisely, improve the assessment of treatment response, or contribute to prevention. Preclinical Therapy: Articles that translate fundamental knowledge into models of cancer treatment. Clinical Therapy: Mechanistic-based advances in therapy. Prognostic and Predictive Factors: The natural history of human cancers and/or markers that predict treatment outcome. (2) CCR Reviews. Articles that review a timely subject important to cancer researchers. They are meant to incorporate the thoughts and creative speculations of the author and need not present a comprehensive review of the literature. They should stimulate consideration of new ideas and approaches and provide updates of new paradigms and innovative ideas for investigation. Reviews must be as concise as possible and should not exceed 3,000 words of text with 5 or fewer tables and figures, an abstract of 200 or fewer words, and 100 or fewer references. Brief reviews will receive priority. Authors of unsolicited reviews should first submit an outline of the proposed review article for consideration by the Editors. The outline should be sent to the Editorial Office [fax: (215) 440-9411; e-mail: ccr{at}aacr.org ]. All review articles, whether invited or not, will be subject to peer review. (3) Public Issues. Brief articles that review a timely subject important to cancer researchers and the general public; these might include articles on advocacy for funding cancer research, government relations, training in the field, public education, or science education. (4) Perspectives. Articles on a topic of current interest in translational and clinical cancer research that are meant to incorporate the thoughts and creative speculations of the author and need not present a comprehensive review of the literature. Perspectives should be no longer than 1600–2400 words, not including references, and no more than 5 or fewer figures and/or tables. (5) Letters to the Editor. In the spirit of open scientific dialogue, the Editor-in-Chief invites the submission of correspondence that presents considered opinions in response to articles published in the journal. Letters to the Editor will be reviewed and, if found to meet the requisite publication criteria (scholarly commentary on a subject of import and interest to the broad readership, length appropriate to the content), the Letter may be sent to the author(s) of the originally published article and possibly to other interested parties for a response to be published in the same issue of the journal as the Letter. Correspondence concerning articles that have not been published in Clinical Cancer Research will not be considered. Letters should have an 8- to-10 word title that references the topic of the originating article, and Letters should not exceed 400 words, with 5 or fewer references and no tables or figures, unless agreed to by the Editor. 3. EDITORIAL POLICY Submission of a manuscript to Clinical Cancer Research implies that the author(s) of the paper understand and fully accept the policies of the Journal as detailed in these “Information for Authors.” No Prior or Subsequent Publication. When a manuscript is submitted for consideration, the authors should confirm in writing that neither the submitted paper nor any similar paper, in whole or in part, other than an abstract or preliminary communication, has been submitted, published, or is in press in any other scientific journal. Permission to reproduce all or parts of articles published in AACR journals must be sought from the AACR Publications Office [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9354; e-mail: permissions@aacr.org Embargo Policy. Submitted papers may not be discussed with the media (including other scientific journals). Once a paper is accepted, the American Association for Cancer Research may notify the press about the article in advance of publication. Authors may speak with the press before the paper is published, but the information in accepted articles is embargoed from reporting by the print media until the Journal's issue date and embargoed from reporting by all other media until 12:01 A.M.(EST) the date of issue. Authors who discuss their work with the media before publication must ensure that the media know the preceding policy. Authors arranging their own publicity on their articles are advised to notify the AACR Communications Department [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9410; e-mail: communications@aacr.org Authorship. Who should be listed as an author is determined by the authors or by policies at their institutions, or both. As a general guideline, persons listed as authors should have contributed substantially to 1) the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it for important content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all authors have agreed to be authors and have agreed to the manuscript’s content and its submission to the Journal. If any changes are proposed to authorship after the manuscript is submitted, including the order of author listing, the corresponding author must provide the AACR Publications Department with signed documentation that the authors involved agree to the changes. Clinical Cancer Research accepts no responsibility for deciding matters of authorship. Image Acquisition and Analysis It is the authors’ responsibility to exercise discretion during data acquisition, where misrepresentation must be avoided. Acquisition of images for comparative purposes must be standardized. Specimen areas should be selected which objectively represent the critical features being presented. Images should be captured in a non-compressing format such as .tif, or .bmp. Authors should retain their unprocessed images and metadata files, as editors may request them to aid in manuscript evaluation. If unprocessed data is unavailable, manuscript evaluation may be delayed until the issue is resolved. Files which have been adjusted in any way should be saved separately from the originals, also in a non-compressed format. Compressing formats, such as .jpg, should only be used for presentation of final figures, where requested, to keep files sizes small for electronic transmission. 8 bit monochrome, or 24 bit RGB acquisition is acceptable for visual documentation, but capture at higher bit depths is generally required for fine analysis of intensity data. Only non-adjusted original files should be used for analysis. If data is presented which includes mathematical representations of pixel intensities and locations, the original unprocessed files must be provided for review. A description of the analysis preparation and techniques should be included in the supplementary data. Image Manipulation The American Association for Cancer Research allows that minimal image adjustment is acceptable for publication in its journals; however, the final image must remain representative of the original data. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable only if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original, including backgrounds. Non-linear manipulation, such as ‘gamma’ should only be used to adjust the overall presentation of the image, to make sure details are visible in the printed form. Alteration to specific features within the image is generally not acceptable. Sub-forms of an image may not be enhanced, obscured, moved or removed in relation to the larger image. Non-linear algorithms to enhance overall presentation such as background subtraction, shading correction, sharpening, despeckling and flattening may be acceptable, but disclosure of adjustment must be included in the legend and the specific techniques must be described in the supplemental data. Descriptions must include the original, unprocessed files for comparison. Image Composites The grouping of images from different originals must be made explicit, both by the arrangement of the figure (i.e., adding dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend. This also applies to multiple fields taken from the same image (such as individual lanes combined from a single electrophoresis gel), and separate images acquired with different conditions. If dividing lines are not included, they will be added by our production department, and may result in publication delays. Figures presenting merged color images from fluorescence originals must include the original single channel images used to make the merged file. Original images captured as color files are acceptable, but grayscale images are preferred, laid out in sequence as part of the figure. Multiple images may be combined into a single photomontage when the area of interest cannot be captured in a single image. In such a case, all images which make up the montage must be captured using a standardized method. Each smaller image must overlap its neighboring image by ¼ of the shared field in each direction. The outer boundary of the combined image must be clearly delineated with a line. Any post-processing must be done to the total, combined montage. All original images must also be submitted as supplementary data. Electrophoretic gels and blots Include positive and negative controls, as well as molecular size markers, on each gel and blot. Provide a citation for previously characterized antibodies. For antibodies less well characterized in the system under study, we require a detailed characterization that demonstrates not only the specificity of the antibody, but also the range of reactivity of the reagent in the assay, which will be published as supplementary data. Clearly separate vertically sliced gels that juxtapose lanes that were not contiguous in the experiment or include a line delineating the boundary between the gels. The display of cropped gels and blots in the main paper is encouraged if it improves the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. In such cases, the cropping must be mentioned in the figure legend and the supplementary information should include full-length gels and blots wherever possible. These uncropped images should be labeled as in the main text and placed in a single supplementary figure. The manuscript’s figure legends should state that “full-length blots/gels are presented in Supplemental Figure X.” Cropped gels in the paper must retain important bands. Cropped blots in the body of the paper should retain at least six band widths above and below the band. High-contrast gels and blots are discouraged, as overexposure may mask additional bands. Authors should strive for exposures with gray backgrounds. Multiple exposures should be presented in supplementary information if high contrast is unavoidable. High-contrast immunoblots should be surrounded by a black line to indicate the borders of the blot. Describe all image acquisition tools and image processing software. Document key image-gathering settings and processing manipulations in the Supplementary Data. Microscopy The most important images should be made available to referees in images that are at least 300 dpi at the size which they will be published. Adjustments should be applied to the entire image. Threshold manipulation, expansion or contraction of signal ranges and the altering of high signals should be avoided. ‘Pseudo-coloring’ and nonlinear adjustment (for example ‘gamma changes’) are only allowed if unavoidable and must be disclosed. Include the following with the final revised version of the manuscript for publication: Include a magnification scale bar for each image. In the Methods section, specify the type of equipment (microscopes/objective lenses, cameras, detectors) used. Acquisition software should also be specified, as well as a description of specialized techniques requiring large amounts of processing, such as confocal, deconvolution, 3D reconstructions, or surface and volume rendering. In Supplementary Data, provide additional acquisition information for each image, including time and space resolution data (xyzt and pixel dimensions), image bit depth, experimental conditions such as temperature and imaging medium, and fluorochromes. Conflict of Interest. Journal policy requires that authors, reviewers, and Associate Editors reveal to the Editor-in-Chief or Senior Editors any relationships that they believe could be construed as resulting in an actual, potential, or apparent conflict of interest with regard to the manuscript submitted for review. Authors must disclose this information in the covering letter accompanying their submission. The existence of financial interests or other relationships of a commercial nature is not necessarily regarded as creating a conflict of interest. Rather, Journal policy represents a recognition of the many factors that can influence judgments about research data and a desire to make as much information as possible available to those reviewing the data. If in the judgment of the Editor-in-Chief the information revealed does represent a potential conflict of interest, notification concerning the relationship may be published. If such action is deemed necessary, the authors will be informed before publication. Availability of Materials. It is understood that by publishing any work in Clinical Cancer Research the authors agree to make freely available to other academic researchers any of the cells, clones of cells or DNA or antibodies, etc. that were used in the research reported and that are not available from commercial suppliers. The publication of articles including new genes, proteins or crystallographic structures is contingent on deposition of the accession number and/or structural coordinates in a publicly accessible database. The reporting requirements extend to the chemical structures of drugs, as well as sequences of oligonucleotides used in antisense strategies and RNA. In addition, AACR journals require the disclosure of chemical structures of any unpublished synthetic, low molecular weight (<1,000 g/mol) chemical compounds used as part of the described research (including clinical studies in humans). These requirements are subject to amendment as the need for disclosure changes with evolving technologies. Also, authors may be required to make primary data available to the Editor-in-Chief in cases of dispute. Depositing Data in Public Databases. The AACR requires that authors submitting manuscripts describing microarray data be prepared to supply peer reviewers with the data in a format that conforms to the Minimum Information About a Microarray Gene Experiment (MIAME) guidelines of the Microarray Gene Expression Data society (MGED). These guidelines include a checklist of information to be included with each new microarray submission; the checklist is available online (http://www.mged.org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame_checklist.html). Authors will also be required to deposit the data with either of two public repositories: GEO (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) or Array Express (www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress) and to have the accession numbers available to be published in the article. Large data sets of peripheral significance to the main thesis of the investigation will not be published in Clinical Cancer Research but may be posted in the Data Supplements section of Clinical Cancer Research online. The manuscript should contain a footnote that indicates how this ancillary material can be obtained. Contact the AACR Publications Department [phone: (215) 440-9300] for more information. Supplementary data should be submitted for review with the manuscript. See section “Online Submission” for additional information. Authors of manuscripts with new nucleotide or amino acids sequences are asked to deposit the sequence information with GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Building 38A, Rm. 8N-803, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894; phone: (301) 496-2475; fax: (301) 480-9241; e-mail for information: info{at}ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ; e-mail for submission: b-sub{at}ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Authors outside of the United States may elect to deposit sequence information in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) database (e-mail: datasubs{at}ebi.ac.uk ) or the DNA Databank of Japan (e-mail: datasubs{at}ebi.ac.uk ). The accession numbers for deposited sequences will be published with the article. 4. REVIEW PROCESS The Journal has an international editorial board with broad expertise in all areas of cancer research. The senior editors and the editorial board provide fair and thorough evaluations of papers submitted to Clinical Cancer Research. When reviewing manuscripts, the editors and invited outside reviewers are expected to adhere to strict ethical conduct during the review. This mandates that the confidentiality of the material under review be maintained. Further details on the appropriate conduct for editors and reviewers can be found in Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publications (First Edition, 1992, published by the Council of Biology Editors, Inc., Northbrook, IL 60603). Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the strict policy of the Journal that under no circumstances will the identities or information leading to the identities of the reviewers be revealed. Every effort is made to render editorial decisions promptly, consistent with thoroughness of review. Each submitted manuscript is evaluated for suitability for consideration for publication in Clinical Cancer Research and must meet minimal general requirements to warrant peer review. After submission, a manuscript undergoes Pre-Review based on the following criteria: Must be original, not confirmatory. Must demonstrate a clear application to the current or future practice of medicine. Must describe hypothesis testing not hypothesis generation. Must possess robust statistics. Must be biologically based, not empiric. Pre-clinical studies must be robust and demonstrable in greater than one model. Must be important and interesting to our membership. Authors should discuss compliance with the above criteria in their cover letter. Manuscripts will successfully pass Pre-Review by meeting the criteria. If a manuscript successfully passes Pre-Review, it will then be sent out for peer review. Biomarker Studies Clinical Cancer Research is interested in publishing biomarker studies that are predictive of therapeutic outcome or natural history of disease. Highest priority will be given to those articles that are likely to have direct clinical applications and are definitive based on size of cohort, methodological approach, statistical analysis, reproducibility and patient follow-up. The highest rated articles will customarily: Include or be based on mechanistic data. Describe a unique cohort with result that directly impact clinical practice. Predict response to specific therapies and/or interventions that will lead to direct applications in clinical practice. The journal welcomes manuscripts that report on the different stages of biomarker development: Phase 2 studies to determine the capacity of biomarkers to distinguish between people with cancer and those without. Phase 3 studies that determine how well biomarkers detect preclinical disease by testing the markers against tissues collected longitudinally from research cohorts. Phase 4 studies that identify the extent and characteristics of disease detected by the test and determine the false-positive rate. Phase 1 exploratory studies to identify potentially useful biomarkers are usually more appropriate for a journal specializing in epidemiologic topics. Clinical Cancer Research will not normally publish articles that report the value of single or combination of markers in the absence of these aforementioned points. For example, articles describing the prognostic value of a specific marker without strong rationale or mechanistic data that do not include multivariate analysis where appropriate will likely receive a lower rating. Particular attention will be given to sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a marker or test being proposed for clinical use. Because the reporting of early clinical trials is in evolution, the Editors have asked Dr. Stephen L. George, a noted biostatistician, to revisit traditional methods of reporting clinical trials and update them. Dr. George’s checklist, appended below and reprinted with Dr. George’s permission, is a part of Clinical Cancer Research’s review process, and authors who are submitting manuscripts that report results of clinical research studies are strongly advised to consult the checklist: A Checklist for Reporting the Results of Clinical Research Studies in Cancer By Stephen L. George Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC © Stephen L. George. Reprinted with permission. Introduction Papers reviewing the adequacy of reporting research results in the medical literature have been published regularly for several decades, with the distressingly common finding that reporting of basic elements of design, conduct, or analysis is often inadequate (1–3). Some of the problems discovered are major ones, calling into question important conclusions of the paper. In recent years, major efforts of editors of clinical journals have improved the situation. For example, the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines (4), aimed at improving the reporting of randomized clinical trials, have been adopted by over 150 journals. However, reports of randomized trials represent only a small fraction of the clinical research literature, including those published in Clinical Cancer Research (CCR). Early phase non-randomized clinical trials as well as non-clinical trial studies of cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy are much more common. In an attempt to provide guidance to contributors and reviewers of manuscripts submitted to CCR, the following checklist is provided. This checklist represents a synthesis of several checklists and reviews (5–11) and provides a brief summary of items that should be addressed in the reporting of clinical research studies. It is not aimed primarily at clinical trials, although some clinical trial-specific items are included. For the special case of a randomized clinical trial, the CONSORT guidelines should be followed (http://www.consort-statement.org/revisedstatement.htm). Checklist I. Design Objectives: State the objectives and major hypotheses. Outcome measures (endpoints): Define the outcome measures or endpoints under study. Design specification: Describe and justify the particular design chosen to address the objectives (e.g., observational, retrospective, case-control, clinical trial, etc). Sample size (planned): Give the planned number of study participants and the reasons for this planned number (e.g., power, size of detectable difference, etc.) for the chosen design. Target population: Define the target population and how study participants were selected for (or excluded from) the study. For clinical trials (in addition to the above): a. Registration: Give details of the registration process b. Quality control: Describe data quality control procedures, including any independent review mechanisms. c. Interim analyses (planned): Describe the plans for interim analyses II. Analysis General: Provide enough detail on the analyses carried out to enable a reader to reproduce the analyses if the data were available. Statistical methods: Identify and define all statistical methods. Give references to standard statistical sources (with page numbers). Identify and reference all computer programs or statistical packages used in the analysis. Precision: Present measures of precision and uncertainty for all statistical estimates (e.g., standard errors, confidence intervals, or other measures). Plots of estimated parameters should give error bars if possible, with a clear explanation of what is being plotted (e.g., 95% CI). Statistical significance tests: For tests involving key outcome measures, identify the statistical test used, the value of the test statistic, and the degrees of freedom of the test statistic. Use observed p-values (e.g., not p < 0.05 or NS). Avoid spurious precision in p-values (a maximum of three significant figures is generally sufficient). Regression models: Validate any regression models used in the analysis. Multiplicity adjustments: Explain any adjustments made for multiple testing, subgroup analyses or similar procedures. Missing data: Explain how missing or incomplete data were handled in the analysis. For clinical trials (in addition to the above): a. Dates: Give the important study dates (e.g., date the study opened, date the last patient was admitted, and approximate date of analysis). b. Sample size (actual): Justify any difference between the planned and actual sample size, if any. c. Interim analyses (actual): Provide a brief summary of the results of any interim analyses, including both planned and unplanned analyses. State why the study was stopped and why it is being reported now. d. Compliance to treatments: Give an assessment of compliance to the treatment regimens, including both patient compliance (e.g., for self-medications) and physician compliance (e.g., for surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Give a summary comparison of planned versus actual treatment. Give the proportion of patients who completed treatment. e. Patient accounting: Account for all registered patients in the analysis. If there were any exclusions from the primary analyses, give the numbers and the reasons for the exclusions. f. Patient characteristics: Give a table showing the distribution of patient characteristics and important prognostic factors by treatment groups. g. Follow-up: Account for the number (and timing) of patients who were lost to follow-up or who dropped out. Give the reasons for these losses. Present the losses separately by treatment group. State how these patients were treated in the analysis. Give the reasons for “censoring”. Give the duration of follow-up (median, % at various time points, etc.). h. Toxicity: Give tables of toxicity, side-effects, and complications. i. Negative studies: Address statistical power and⁄or precision for so-called “negative” studies, those that fail to reject the null hypothesis of equality. Be especially cautious in claiming equivalence unless the study was designed to address this issue. References Altman DG. The scandal of poor medical research. Br Med J 1994;308. Altman DG. Statistics in medical journals: some recent trends. Stat Med 2000;19:3275–89. Goodman SN, Altman DG, George SL. Statistical reviewing policies of medical journals: caveat lector? J General Intern Med 1998;13:753–6. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DF, CONSORT Group. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Clin Oral Investig 2003;7:2–7. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:40–4. Bailar JC III, Mosteller F. Guidelines for statistical reporting in articles for medical journals. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:266–73. DerSimonian R, Charette J, McPeek B, Mosteller F. Reporting on methods in clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1332–7. Des Jarlais DV, Lyles C, Crepaz N, TREND Group. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health 2004;94:361–6. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. JEpidemiol Community Health 1998;52:377–84. Gardner MJ, Machin D, Campbell MJ. Use of check lists in assessing the statistical content of medical studies. Br Med J 1986;292:810–2. Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, Penman M, Tugwell P, Walsh S. Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin Trials 1995;16:62–73. The Journal has an international editorial board with broad expertise in all areas of cancer research. The senior editors and the editorial board provide fair and thorough evaluations of papers submitted to Clinical Cancer Research. When reviewing manuscripts, the editors and invited outside reviewers are expected to adhere to strict ethical conduct during the review. This mandates that the confidentiality of the material under review be maintained. Further details on appropriate conduct for editors and reviewers can be found in Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publications (First Edition, 1992, published by the Council of Biology Editors, Inc., Northbrook, IL 60603). Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the strict policy of the Journal that under no circumstances will the identities or information leading to the identities of the reviewers be revealed. Every effort is made to render editorial decisions promptly, consistent with thoroughness of review. Authors are able to track the progress of manuscripts submitted electronically through the American Association for Cancer Research’s peer-review system (http://ccr.msubmit.net). Other inquiries should be made to the AACR Publications Department via fax: (215) 440-9354, or e-mail: ccr@aacr.org. Collect telephone calls from authors cannot be accepted. Publication Fees and Reprints A per-page charge of $85 for pages 1–6 and $115 for each additional published page will be levied on all manuscripts accepted for publication. It is understood at the time of submission that the author(s) agree to pay this charge in the event of publication. If your manuscript is accepted, you will receive instructions regarding payment of the fee along with a form for ordering reprints. The reprint order form must be completed and returned two weeks before publication, even if reprints are not desired, because payment information for the publication fees is required. Failure to return the form with this information will delay publication of your article. Prepayment for publication fees and, if desired, for reprints, can be made in the form of a check (in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank), signed institutional purchase order, or credit card (VISA, Mastercard, American Express) information supplied on the reprint order form, which serves as a proforma invoice. Return the order form and payment made payable to American Association for Cancer Research, P.O. Box 631060, Baltimore, MD 21263-1060. Reprints are shipped approximately 2 weeks after publication of the journal. Allow extra time for delivery. After publication, the cost of reprints for articles that contain color is much more expensive than before publication, and this cost will be estimated on an individual basis. For such an estimate or if you have any other inquiries regarding reprints, please contact Cadmus Journal Services Reprint Department [phone: (800) 407-9190 or (410) 819-3992; fax: (410) 820-9765]. Under exceptional circumstances, when no grant or other source of support exists, the author(s) may apply to Kathleen Case, Publisher, AACR Publications Department (see masthead for address) at the time of submission for a waiver of the page charges. All such applications must be countersigned by an appropriate institutional official, and it must specifically state that no funds are available for the payment of page charges. Requests made after production has commenced cannot be granted. 5. SUBMISSION PROCEDURES Online Submission Clinical Cancer Research authors must register electronically through the AACR SmartSubmit Review system (ccr.msubmit.net) whether they are submitting a manuscript online or by regular mail. Complete details on how to submit or resubmit a manuscript can be found when you log on to the AACR SmartSubmit to create an author account or on the AACR Website (click here for Author Instructions). When you submit online, you will be asked to provide the following: Title of the manuscript. Running title to be printed at the top of each printed page that does not exceed 50 characters in length. Full name and affiliations of all authors, complete with first and middle names or initials, but not academic degrees, and contact information for each. Selection of a journal section from the drop-down box that you believe to be the best match for your manuscript. Note that the final section assignments are at the discretion of the editors. Selection of the type of manuscript from a drop-down box and indication of whether or not it was invited. Selection of one of the journal’s Deputy Editors or Senior Editors who will conduct the review process with the expert assistance of the journal’s Editorial Board Members or Reviewers. Authors who are submitting papers within the subject areas covered by the Editor-in-Chief, or whose manuscripts do not pertain to any of the research areas listed, should select the Editor-in-Chief as the suggested Editor. All authors are required to provide the names and contact information (particularly affiliations and e-mail addresses) of at least 2 potential reviewers who are not recent or current collaborators or advisors in the area under investiation. Authors are also welcome to suggest Editorial Board Members who might best serve as peer-reviewers of the manuscript. A current list of the journal’s Editorial Board Members is available on the masthead page of the journal, or can be accessed at clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/misc/edboard.shtml. URLs for Supplemental Data, if needed. Cover letter to be uploaded along with your manuscript and graphics files. Include a description of the novel and salient findings of the work, as well as any information not covered elsewhere in the submission form. Please be sure to discuss compliance with the Pre-Review criteria referenced above in the Review Process portion of this document Abstract (not to exceed 250 words) typed into the box provided and structured in paragraphs presenting the Purpose, Experimental Design, Results, and Conclusions of your paper. Abstracts are often copied directly by the secondary services, so they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and interpretations of the data. Include a synopsis of all pertinent data but do not include references. Keep abbreviations and acronyms to an absolute minimum. Answers to questions about the manuscript, such as statement of authorship, notification of color reproduction costs, and disclosure of conflicts of interest. When you have completed the submission form, you will be able to upload your cover letter, manuscript, and graphics files, and supplemental data (if necessary). The following are acceptable formats for manuscript files: PDF (for original submissions only; not for revisions), Word, WordPerfect, EPS, text, Postscript, or RTF. The following are acceptable formats for graphics files for original submissions: TIFF, GIF, JPEG, Postscript, or EPS format. The following are acceptable formats for graphics files for revised manuscripts: TIFF or EPS. Figures/Images should not be embedded in the manuscript file. PDF files for figures/images are not accepatable. Revisions If you have been asked to revise your paper and you are ready to submit it, log on to the AACR SmartSubmit at ccr.msubmit.net and click the Revised Manuscript link on your author homepage. You will be asked to review the information you originally submitted to confirm its accuracy. In your cover letter, please be sure to provide a point by point reply to the reviewers’ comments as well as a listing of the changes made and page numbers where the changes appear. When you have successfully resubmitted your manuscript, you will receive acknowledgement via e-mail. Please note that all authors on a paper will be required to complete Conflict of Interest and Copyright Transfer forms prior to acceptance of any manuscript. Authors are able to track the progress of manuscripts submitted electronically and via mail through the American Association for Cancer Research’s peer-review system, AACR SmartSubmit (www.ccr.msubmit.net). Other inquires should be made to the AACR Publications Department via phone: (215) 440-9300, fax: (215) 440-9411, or e-mail: ccr@aacr.org. Collect telephone calls from authors cannot be accepted. Revision Time. Authors are advised that the revised version of their manuscript is likely to undergo another review if the original submission required extensive changes or if the authors' responses to the criticisms entail rebuttal rather than revision. Authors are asked to submit their revised versions within 4 weeks from the notification of the decision on a manuscript. The editors acknowledge that a longer period of time might be needed to make the revisions in some cases. However, if a revised manuscript is not received within 3 months from the date of notification of the decision, the resubmission will be considered a new manuscript and it will be subject to all of the conditions of an original submission, including being assigned a new date of receipt, and being subject to an entirely new review process. All authors of revised manuscripts are advised that any manuscript that has been revised once and is deemed by the Editors to require further major revision will not be accepted for publication. Appeals for Reconsideration. Authors are advised that decisions rendered on manuscripts by the Editor-in-Chief, Deputy Editors, or Senior Editors are final and appeals for reconsideration will not be accepted. Cover Features The covers of Clinical Cancer Research feature illustrations chosen by the editor-in-chief from the articles scheduled for publication in that issue. Authors whose articles are chosen for a cover feature will be asked to provide a high-quality version of the selected illustration as well as a brief legend (four to five sentences) describing the significance of the image. In light of the rapid production schedule for Journal covers, authors are expected to provide the requested material within three days. While authors may request consideration for a cover feature, final cover selections are made at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. 6. JOURNAL FORMAT The Journal uses the following resources and advises authors to consult them in preparing manuscripts for submission: Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (Twenty-seventh Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD); Council of Science Editors. 2006. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors and Rockefeller University Press; and The ACS Style Guide (First Edition, 1986, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC). For correct terminology and nomenclature, consult the recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, some of which are included in the online version of these Instructions. In preparing papers, write in concise, grammatically correct English. Papers that are not in Clinical Cancer Research style or that are not in good idiomatic English may we returned to the author without review. Laboratory jargon as well as terminology and abbreviations not consistent with internationally accepted guidelines should be avoided. Include as many good quality figures and tables as are needed for clear and accurate presentation. Figures and tables should supplement the information in the text (or vice versa) and not duplicate it. Follow these instructions carefully for preparing manuscripts and art. Title page, including full names of all authors, complete with first and middle names or initials, but not academic degrees; affiliations of all authors; address for reprint requests; any grant information; a running title of about 50 characters; and 5 key words. Include the following footnotes to the title page (if applicable) in this order: Authors and Affiliations. Authors are urged to include their full names, complete with first and middle names or initials. Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations of institutions and the laboratories or names and locations of companies should be given. If several institutions are listed on a paper, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated by using superscript numbers that correspond to each author’s affiliation. Financial support, including the source and number of grants for each author, should be listed. Full name, mailing address, and e-mail address (optional) of the person to whom reprint requests should be sent. Other notes about the paper as a whole (whether part of a series, conflict of interest statements, etc.). Abstract. (Not to exceed 250 words.) Abstracts should be structured in paragraphs presenting the following four topics: Purpose, Experimental Design, Results, and Conclusions. Abstracts should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and interpretations of the data. Include a synopsis of all pertinent data but do not include references. Keep abbreviations and acronyms to an absolute minimum. Introduction. Use this section to briefly acquaint the reader with the findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that the author’s particular investigation addresses. Materials and Methods. Explain experimental methods briefly but adequately for repetition by qualified investigators. Fully cite procedures that have been published previously and fully explain new and significant modifications of previously published procedures. Give the sources of special chemicals or preparations used and their locations [city and state (country, if foreign)]. This Journal endorses the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and expects that all investigations involving humans will have been performed in accordance with these principles. In particular, papers reporting human experimentation must include a statement that the human investigations were performed after approval by an institutional review board and in accordance with an assurance filed with and approved by the Department of Health and Human Services, where appropriate. Also, papers reporting biomedical research involving human subjects must include a statement that informed consent was obtained from each subject or subject’s guardian. To obtain a copy of the Helsinki Declaration, contact the World Medical Association, Bôite Postale 63, 01210, Ferney-Voltaire Cedex, France, or acquire a copy from the WMA Website (www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm). Clinical Cancer Research is a staunch supporter of the most humane treatment of animals in the conduct of scientific studies, and it is expected that investigators will adhere to widely accepted national standards such as the following: The U.S. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, available from the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, national Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RKLI, Suite 360, MSC 7982, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7982 or online at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm#pol The United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research’s “Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia” (Second Edition, 1997) available online at http://www.ncrn.org.uk/csg/animal_guides_text.pdf.This report encourages researchers to “refine endpoints in experiemental neoplasia and to disseminate best practice by publishing such improvements, to incorporate welfare statements in experimental protocols and to report compliance with appropriate guidelines in publications.” Only the results (particularly the photographic presentation of experimental data) in which proper attention has been given to ethical considerations toward animals will be published, and the AACR reserves the right to reject papers that do not follow accepted studies. Results. Include a concise summary of the data presented in tables and illustrations. Excessive elaboration of data already given in tables and illustrations should be avoided. Discussion. The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider implications of the findings is encouraged. The Results and Discussion sections should be combined if, by so doing, the logical sequence of the material is improved. Footnotes. In most instances, information should be presented in the text, not in footnotes. If footnotes are necessary, use superscript Arabic numerals following consecutively throughout the text from the affiliations’ listings. For footnotes on tables, see section on Tables. Addenda. Data acquired after acceptance of the paper, by the authors themselves or by others, cannot be added to the text. An addendum may be included at the proof stage as a brief “Note Added in Proof,” preceding the References section. Addenda are subject to approval by the editor-in-chief. References. See specific information on references in the References section of these Instructions. Acknowledgments. Tables. Every table must have a descriptive title and should supplement, not duplicate, data already presented in the text. Each column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given, the units should be given with the column heading. Tables should be numbered with Arabic numerals, and table footnotes should be indicated with standard footnote signs: *, †, ‡, §, ||, **, ††, etc. Include a Note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table that have not been used in the text are explained. Indicate placement of tables in order in the text. Figures or Illustrations. Follow carefully the instructions for preparing art (see the next section). Indicate placement of figures in order in the text. Preparing Art Illustrations can include line drawings (graphs) or halftone illustrations (photographs, photomicrographs, electrophoretic patterns). Please note that all figures must be numbered on the front of the figure. Black and white illustrations should be provided in Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) and sized to approximate column width of the Journal. (The dimensions of the Journal are 1 column = 3 inches, 2 columns = 6.75 inches. For estimating purposes, 3 figures are equal to 1 printed page.) In all cases, hard copy of the artwork should be submitted with the disk, labeled in pencil with the corresponding author’s name, manuscript number, format, and figure number on an adhesive label on the reverse side. Indicate the top. Illustrations that must appear together for comparison should be grouped under one figure number with each figure section clearly identified as “A”, “B”, “C”, etc. Please do not exceed four sections, except in Western blot. Do not include tables in figure sections. Photomicrographs should be cropped to show the main area of importance. In preparing graphs, be sure that the abscissas, ordinates, lines, and especially the symbols are sufficiently large to permit reduction if necessary. Note that gray does not reproduce well, especially if reduction is required, so use patterns consisting of solid black and white first on bar graphs. If further distinctions need to be made among elements on an illustration, use horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or cross-hatched lines. Avoid using fine, broken, or dotted lines. Graphs should be ruled off close to the area occupied by the curve, and abscissas and ordinates should be clearly marked with appropriate units. Explanations of the coordinates should not extend beyond the respective lines. Do not box-in graphs with top and right-hand frame lines unless these are essential for reference. Titles printed outside the confines of the drawing waste space; all of this information should be included in the legend. Also, to conserve space, those curves that may appropriately appear together should be included in a single graph. Color Art Authors are encouraged to submit color art, but they must partially offset the cost of color reproduction. The cost of color reproduction charged to authors is $750 per color figure. Please submit prints of sufficient quality to permit accurate color reproduction; you will be asked to approve the final color proof. Please note carefully the differences between CMYK and RGB color prints before you submit your color art. CMYK versus RGB Color Files. All color files submitted to CCR must be saved as a CMYK file (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), also known as subtractive color or process color. This is the four-color process that is used for high-end journal printing. Although graphics created and saved in RGB (red, green, blue) color space (also known as additive color or indexed color) display well within electronic processes such as the Web, screen displays, and CD-ROM products, they will not separate correctly for printing. The printed CMYK color will not match an RGB computer-generated file. Authors whose RGB files require extensive color correction will be charged for additional separations. For more information, go to http://cjs.cadmus.com/da. For more detailed information on submitting illustrations electronically, you can visit the Cadmus Journal Services Website at http://cjs.cadmus.com/da, or send e-mail to digitalart@cadmus.com, or call the Digital Art Help Line at (800) 257-5529, ext. 6985 or (410) 691-6985. Legends Legends are required for all figures. They should briefly describe the data shown; details in the text should not be repeated. Staining and original magnifications must be included for photomicrographs. Each legend should adequately identify all symbols, abbreviations, mathematical expressions, abscissas, ordinates, units, and reference points used on the figure. 7. JOURNAL STYLE Terminology Use the approved terms and abbreviations for chemical substances recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Comprehensive recommendations on nomenclature are available online (www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html). Recommended nomenclature for biomedical and physical sciences can be found in Scientific Style and Format, Sixth Edition, Council of Biology Editors (now the Council of Science Editors), 1994 (Available from: www.councilscienceeditors.org). Authors should use the Recommended Name given in Enzyme Nomenclature 1992: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes (Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1992). In some cases the Systematic Name or the reaction catalyzed should also be included. It is strongly recommended that the Enzyme Commission number be stated at first mention. Supplements to this work are available online [www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme]. Designations for mouse strains should conform to the Rules and Guidelines for Genetic Nomenclature in Mice, from the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice (Mouse Genome; 1994:92: vii–xxxii) and available online www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen.shtml]. Generic names of drugs are preferred with the brand name included at first mention only to identify new components that may not be recognized by their generic name. If a non-U.S. proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U.S. product should be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients. Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in the current edition of USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names. Histones. The six histone fractions are to be labeled H1, H1°, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, rather than F1, F1–, F2a2, F2b, F3, and F2a1, respectively. Interferon Assays. When reporting the calibration of interferon assays, authors should state the name, identifying number, and assigned potency of the international standard used to calibrate their assay, along with the observed geometric mean titer of the standard, the standard deviation of that value, the number of titrations performed to obtain that value, and the technical details of the assay. Inbred Strains. Designations for inbred mouse strains should conform to the guidelines in “Standardized Nomenclature for Inbred Strains of Mice: Eighth Listing,” Cancer Res., 45: 945–977, 1985, prepared by Joan Staats for the Committee on Standardized Nomenclature for Mice; for designations of inbred strains of rats, please refer to “Standardized Nomenclature for Inbred Strains of Rats: Fourth Listing,” Michael Festing and Joan Staats. Transplantation, 16 (No. 3): 221–245, 1973. Outbred Animal Stocks. Nomenclature for outbred laboratory animals should conform to that recommended by the Committee on Nomenclature, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources: “A Nomenclature System for Outbred Animals,” Lab. Animal Care, 20: 903–906, 1970. Drugs. Generic names of drugs are preferred; a proprietary name may be used only after the first mention of the generic name and should be avoided in titles unless both names can be listed easily. If a foreign proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U.S. product should be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients. Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names (1998). Tumors. Tumors used in experimental investigations should be clearly described and identified in acceptable terminology. If these tumors are well known and have been identified in previous publications, extended descriptions and photomicrographs are unnecessary. Authors of clinical papers are encouraged to use the TNM staging system approved by the International Union Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer, whenever applicable. General. The composition of all solutions and buffers should be specified in sufficient detail so that the concentration of each component can be determined. The word “saline” should be replaced by “NaCl solution,” along with the exact concentration. Inexact terms such as “physiological saline” or “phosphate-buffered saline” are not permitted; exact contents and concentrations should be given. Decimals are preferred to fractions; the form 0.01, not .01, is required in text, tables, and illustrations. Ionic charge should be designated by a superscript immediately following the chemical symbol, e.g., Mg2+. References Number references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite only the number assigned to the reference, not the author. Verify all references: Authors are responsible for the accuracy of reference data. Note: There must be a citation for every reference and a reference for every citation. Clinical Cancer Research reference style follows that of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, which can be found on the website of the National Library of Medicine [www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html]. Use the Medline journal abbreviations and follow the reference style shown on the Website noted above, with the following exceptions: 1) List all authors when there are six or fewer. If there are more than six authors, list the first three followed by et al. 2) Do not use a period (full stop) at the end of the journal title or abbreviation. 3) Do not list the issue number or month. 4) Citations from journals that are published exclusively on-line may be included in the reference section. All other websites should be included as footnotes on the page where the citation should appear. EXAMPLES: Saylors RL III, Sidransky D, Friedman HS, et al. Infrequent p53 gene mutations in medulloblastomas. Clinical Cancer Res 1995;2:4721–3. Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Roop D, Strickland J, Greenhalgh DA. Genes and mechanisms involved in malignant conversion. In: Harris CC, Liotta LA, editors. Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p.115–26. Journal Articles and Serial Compendia. The complete title, journal, volume number, inclusive pages, and year of publication should be given. Serial compendia, such as Advances in Cancer Research and the Annual Review of Biochemistry, which appear annually in numbered sequence, should be cited as journals rather than books, thus omitting the names of publishers and editors. Index Medicus abbreviations should be used for journals and serial titles (www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html). Books and Chapter Citations. Citation of a specific chapter or article in a book should carry the author(s) of the chapter, its title, editor(s) of the book, book title, edition, volume, inclusive pages of the chapter, location and name of the publisher, and year of publication. For references to complete books, give all of the above information that is pertinent. Papers in Press. Manuscripts that have been accepted for publication may be listed among the references with the journal name and tentative year of publication. Unpublished Material. Papers in preparation or submitted for publication, unpublished data, and personal communications should be cited in a footnote, not in the Reference section. The names of all authors should be given, along with manuscript titles if possible. Permission must be obtained from persons cited in a personal communication. Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and acronyms are in general a hindrance to readers in fields other than that of the author(s), to abstractors, and to scientists whose first language is not English. Authors should limit their use to an absolute minimum. Do not use any but the most common standard abbreviations. Single words are not to be abbreviated—for example, melanoma, folate, vincristine. Be especially careful with abbreviations or acronyms for drugs. Abbreviations are not to be used in titles, but running titles may carry abbreviations for brevity. All abbreviations must be explained at first mention unless the term is better known as an abbreviation (see Standard and Accepted Abbreviations) 8. COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSIONS Under U.S. copyright law (PL 94-553), which became effective January 1, 1978, copyright for works is vested in the author from the moment of creation and remains the property of the author until legally transferred. Authors who wish to publish articles and other material in AACR journals must formally transfer copyright to AACR. The copyright transfer form must be signed by all authors before AACR can proceed with publication. Appropriate forms for transfer of copyright must be received with manuscript submissions. Persons requesting a copyright transfer should either use the form available online (click here for the CCR Copyright Transfer Form PDF) or request a form from the AACR Publications Department. The journal will not publish a paper unless the form is properly filled out and signed by all authors. It is understood in conveying copyright that the authors have not published this material elsewhere, either whole or in part (except in abbreviated form as a preliminary communication), and that they have neither concluded previous negotiations nor initiated pending negotiations for copyright of this material. The duly authorized agent of a commercial firm or commissioning organization must sign our copyright transfer form if the author prepared the article as part of his or her official duties as an employee. The federal government has determined that it has a nonexclusive right to publish or republish material developed from work performed under federal grant-supported projects. Therefore, copyrights for such works are subject to this restriction. Since the federal government does not recognize private copyright for work performed by its employees as part of their official duties, the journal will accept papers from government laboratories without copyright transfer, provided that the authors abide by the same provisions required of other authors and sign the appropriate section of our copyright transfer form. Important Notice Regarding the NIH Public Access Policy Authors of manuscripts reporting NIH-funded work that are accepted after May 2, 2005, are granted permission to deposit their unedited and unformatted manuscripts on the National Library of Medicine’s PubMedCentral database, should they wish to do so. AACR grants such permission, without formal request, subject to the following conditions: Only the accepted manuscript is deposited, not the edited and formatted paper as published in the journal. Authors stipulate that PubMedCentral may release the paper for public access 1 year after its print publication, not sooner. Authors acknowledge the published source of the material. Authors of articles published in AACR journals are permitted to use their article or parts of their article in the following ways without requesting permission from the AACR: With appropriate attribution, authors may include parts of their article, including figures and tables, in books, reviews, or subsequent research articles they write. With appropriate attribution, authors may use parts of their article in slide presentations. With appropriate attribution, authors may post a link to the published version of their article on their institutional website. With appropriate attribution, an author may submit a copy of their article to his or her university in support of his or her doctoral thesis. The AACR will routinely allow third parties to include select parts of a copyrighted article in reviews, books, or subsequent papers, provided that the requesting parties obtain written permission from the AACR Publications Department. For each requested use of an article, the AACR Permission Request Form should be completed and returned to the AACR Publications Department [fax: (215) 440-9354; e-mail: permissions{at}aacr.org . Persons requesting permission should use the form available online (click here for the Permission Form Word document). Requests to reproduce an article in its entirety will be considered on an individual basis and permission may be granted contingent upon payment of an appropriate copyright fee. All reproduction requests must include a brief description of intended use. 9. ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisement insertion orders and copy must be received approximately 5 weeks prior to the date of the issue in which the advertisement is to be published. The Journal is mailed approximately 5 days before the date of issue. Inquiries regarding advertising should be directed to: M.J. Mrvica Associates, Inc., 2 West Taunton Ave., Berlin, NJ 08009; phone: (856) 768-9360; fax: (856) 753-0064; email: dmather@mrvica.com. 10. SUBSCRIPTIONS AND BUSINESS INQUIRIES Clinical Cancer Research [ISSN 0008-5472 CNREA 8] is published twice a month, one volume per year, by the AACR, Inc. Except for members of the Association, all subscriptions are payable in advance to AACR Subscription Office, Turpin Distribution, The Bleachery, 143 West Street, New Milford, CT 06776 [phone: (860) 350-0041; fax: (860) 350-0039; or e-mail: turpinNA{at}turpin-distribution.com ]; or (UK Main Office), Pegasus Drive, Stratton Business Park, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire SG18 8TQ, United Kingdom [phone: (44) 0-1767-604-957; fax: (44) 0-1767-601-640; or e-mail: custserv{at}turpin-distribution.com ]. All nonmember business communications, remittances (in United States currency or its equivalent), and subscription orders should be sent should be sent to one of the above-referenced addresses. In Japan, send orders and inquiries to USACO Corporation, usaco@usaco.co.jp; Swets Japan, info@jp.swets.com; EBSCO Japan, Japan@ebsco.com ; or any other agent to broker a sub or site license. The regular annual subscription price of Clinical Cancer Research for members of the AACR is $110. Individuals who are not AACR members may subscribe to Volume 13 (2007) of Clinical Cancer Research at the rate $290 U.S./$365 foreign. Clinical Cancer Research is only available to institutions as a combined subscription with Cancer Research. Canadian subscribers should add 7% GST. Changes of address should be sent 60 days in advance and include both old and new addresses. Member subscribers should send changes of address to: AACR Member Services, 615 Chestnut Street, 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19106-4404. Nonmember subscribers should send changes of address to: AACR Subscription Office, Turpin Distribution Office, The Bleachery, 143 West Street, New Milford, CT 06776, or (UK Main Office) Pegasus Drive, Stratton Business Park, Biggleswade, Befordshire SG18 8TQ, United Kingdom. No responsibility is accepted by the Editors, by the AACR, Inc., or by Cadmus Journal Services for opinions expressed by the contributors or for the content of advertisements. For more information, contact the Publications Department, American Association for Cancer Research, 615 Chestnut Street, 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19106-4404. phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9354, e-mail address: ccr@aacr.org. 11. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Units of Measure The Journal abbreviates all units of measurement for physical and chemical quantities according to standard metric usage. Use the International System of Units (SI) base units and supplementary units, but do not use the SI exponential unit prefixes. Use the symbol. Exponential terminology is discouraged (the term mM is preferable to 10–3 M). If exponentials are absolutely unavoidable in column headings, the quantity expressed should be preceded, not followed, by the power of 10 by which its value has been multiplied, i.e., 10–3 concentration (M). This will prevent confusion as to whether the quantity should be multiplied or divided to obtain the correct value. Selected SI Base Units of Measure and Symbols See the CSE Manual for additional abbreviations.
A | Ampere
A | Angstrom (0.1 nm)
cd | Candela
Ci | Curie
g | Gram
K | Kelvin
kg | Kilogram
liter | Is not abbreviated
m | Meter
M | molar
mol | Mole
um (not u) | micrometer (not micron)
mM | millimolar (millimoles/liter)
nm (not mu) | nanometer (not millimicron)
pm (not uu) | picometer (not micromicron)
R | roentgen
rad | radian
s | second
sr | steradian
V | volt
Standard Symbols for Substances and Groups The following trivial names for buffers may be used without definition: Aces, Ada, Bes, Bicine, Bistris, Bistris-propane, Caps, Hepes, Hepps acid, Mes, Mops, Pipes, Taps, Tes, Tricine, Tris. Standard Abbreviations Authors may use, without definition, abbreviations of units of measure when they are used with units (1.5 cm). The following are examples of standard abbreviations that may be used in the text, without explanation:
ABVD* | Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine
ADP, dADP |
AMP, dAMP |
AATP, dATP |
bp | base pair(s)
CDP, cCDP |
CMP, cCMP |
CNBr | cyanogen bromide
cDNA | complementary DNA
CoA | coenzyme A
CTL | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CTP, dCTP |
cyclic ADP | adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-diphosphate
cyclic AMP | adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-monophosphate
DEAE | diethylaminoethyl
DNA, cDNA |
EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EGTA | ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid
EtOH | etomidate
GDP, dGDP |
GMP, dGMP |
GTP, dGTP |
HEPES | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid or
| N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N[prime]-2-ethanesulfonic acid
IDP, dIDP |
IMP, dIMP |
IR | infrared
ITP, dITP |
MOPP | mechlorethamine, oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone
NAD+ | NADH
NADP+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized form)
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline
PIPES | 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid
POPOP | 1,4-bis[Isqb]2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)[rsqb]benzene
PPO | 2,5 diphenyloxazole
Pi, Ppi | orthophosphate, pyrophosphate
Rf | retardation factor
RFLP | restriction fragment length polymorphism
RIA | radioimmunoassay
RKO cells |
RNA, aRNA, mRNA, nRNA, tRNA |
Rnase, DNase |
RPMI | Roswell Park Memorial Institute
rRNA | spell out as "Ribosomal RNA" in title only
SD | standard deviation
SDS | sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEM | standard error of the mean
SSC | standard saline-citrate
SV40 | Simian Virus 40
TBS | Tris-buffered saline
TDP, dTDP |
TEAE | triethylaminoethyl
TMP, dTMP |
TTP, dTTP |
Tris | tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
UDP, dUDP |
UMP, dump |
UTP, dUTP |
USP units |
USPHS | United States Public Health Service
UTP | uridine 5c-triphosphate
UV | ultraviolet
w/v | weight per volume
w/w | weight for weight
Accepted Abbreviations and Acronyms A list of abbreviations and acronyms accepted for use in AACR journals can be downloaded from the following URL: www.aacr.org/pdf_files/Accepted_Abbreviations_Acronyms_2004.pdf (See IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biomedical Nomenclature for more information: http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html)
HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
Cancer Research | Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research | Cell Growth & Differentiation
Copyright © 2007 by the American Association for Cancer Research.