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Cancer Research <http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org> 	Clinical Cancer
Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention
<http://cebp.aacrjournals.org> 	Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
<http://mct.aacrjournals.org>
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Differentiation <http://cgd.aacrjournals.org>

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*/Clinical Cancer Research/ Information for Authors*

    Important Notice Regarding New Electronic Manuscript Submission
    System. /Clinical Cancer Research/ has changed to a new manuscript
    submission and peer review system.

        * Effective August 22, 2007, authors submitting new manuscripts
          to /Clinical Cancer Research/ are required to submit
          manuscripts online via *AACR SmartSubmit*
          (http://ccr.msubmit.net). New submissions will be given a
          manuscript number higher than CCR-07-4000.

        * If you are submitting a REVISED version of a manuscript
          originally submitted via /Clinical Cancer Research?s/ previous
          system, Rapid Review, you must submit your revision via Rapid
          Review (http://www.rapidreview.com/AACR2/CALogon.jsp). Revised
          manuscripts will have a manuscript number lower than CCR-07-4000.

*Submit a Manuscript to /Clinical Cancer Research/: * 	
<http://ccr.msubmit.net>

 

1. Scope <#a> 	  7. Journal Style <#g>
2. Categories of Publication <#b> 	  8. Copyright and Permissions <#h>
3. Editorial Policy <#c> 	  9. Advertisements <#i>
4. Review Process <#d> 	10. Subscriptions and Business Inquiries <#j>
5. Submission Procedures <#e> 	11. Abreviations and Acronyms <#k>
6. Journal Format <#f> 	 

 

*1. SCOPE*

/Clinical Cancer Research/, a journal of the American Association for
Cancer Research, publishes original articles describing clinical
research on the cellular and molecular characterization, prevention,
diagnosis, and therapy of human cancer. Its focus is on innovative
clinical research and translational research that bridges the laboratory
and the clinic. /Clinical Cancer Research/ is especially interested in
clinical trials evaluating new treatments for cancer; research on
molecular abnormalities that predict incidence, response to therapy, and
outcome; and laboratory studies of new drugs and biological agents that
will lead to clinical trials in patients.

Specific areas of interest include clinical and translational research
in molecular pharmacology and chemotherapy; drug sensitivity and
resistance; tumor immunology and immunotherapy; radiobiology and
radiation oncology; solid tumor oncology; hematological malignancies;
surgical oncology; pediatric oncology; molecular oncology and cancer
genes; pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators; growth factors,
cytokines, and signal transduction; bone marrow transplantation; gene
therapy; cancer endocrinology; cell adhesion, invasion, and metastasis;
prevention of primary and recurrent cancer; differentiation and cell
death; clinical genetics; and detection of minimal disease.

 

*2. CATEGORIES OF PUBLICATION*

The following types of articles will be considered for publication:

    (1) *Research Articles.* Research articles should be no more than
    5000 words with a total of no more than 6 tables or figures and
    50 references. They should report on original cancer research in the
    following areas:

        *

          Human Cancer Biology: Studies that use human tissue to improve
          our understanding of the biology of cancer.

        *

          Susceptibility and Prevention: Genetic, environmental, or
          molecular mechanisms that define an individual or a
          population?s unique predilection for developing cancer and
          offer insights on prevention.

        *

          Imaging and Diagnosis: New methods to diagnose or detect
          cancer more precisely, improve the assessment of treatment
          response, or contribute to prevention.

        *

          Preclinical Therapy: Articles that translate fundamental
          knowledge into models of cancer treatment.

        *

          Clinical Therapy: Mechanistic-based advances in therapy.

        *

          Prognostic and Predictive Factors: The natural history of
          human cancers and/or markers that predict treatment outcome.

    (2) * CCR Reviews.* Articles that review a timely subject important
    to cancer researchers. They are meant to incorporate the thoughts
    and creative speculations of the author and need not present a
    comprehensive review of the literature. They should stimulate
    consideration of new ideas and approaches and provide updates of new
    paradigms and innovative ideas for investigation. Reviews must be as
    concise as possible and should not exceed 3,000 words of text with
    5 or fewer tables and figures, an abstract of 200 or fewer words,
    and 100 or fewer references. Brief reviews will receive priority.
    Authors of unsolicited reviews should first submit an outline of the
    proposed review article for consideration by the Editors. The
    outline should be sent to the Editorial Office [fax: (215) 440-9411;
    e-mail: ccr@aacr.org <mailto:ccr@aacr.org>]. All review articles,
    whether invited or not, will be subject to peer review.

    (3) *Public Issues.* Brief articles that review a timely subject
    important to cancer researchers and the general public; these might
    include articles on advocacy for funding cancer research, government
    relations, training in the field, public education, or science
    education.

    (4) *Perspectives.* Articles on a topic of current interest in
    translational and clinical cancer research that are meant to
    incorporate the thoughts and creative speculations of the author and
    need not present a comprehensive review of the literature.
    Perspectives should be no longer than 1600?2400 words, not including
    references, and no more than 5 or fewer figures and/or tables.

    (5) *Letters to the Editor.* In the spirit of open scientific
    dialogue, the Editor-in-Chief invites the submission of
    correspondence that presents considered opinions in response to
    articles published in the journal. Letters to the Editor will be
    reviewed and, if found to meet the requisite publication criteria
    (scholarly commentary on a subject of import and interest to the
    broad readership, length appropriate to the content), the Letter may
    be sent to the author(s) of the originally published article and
    possibly to other interested parties for a response to be published
    in the same issue of the journal as the Letter. Correspondence
    concerning articles that have not been published in / Clinical
    Cancer Research/ will not be considered. Letters should have an
    8- to-10 word title that references the topic of the originating
    article, and Letters should not exceed 400 words, with 5 or fewer
    references and no tables or figures, unless agreed to by the Editor.

Top <#top>

*3. EDITORIAL POLICY*

Submission of a manuscript to /Clinical Cancer Research/ implies that
the author(s) of the paper understand and fully accept the policies of
the Journal as detailed in these ?Information for Authors.?

* No Prior or Subsequent Publication.* When a manuscript is submitted
for consideration, the authors should confirm in writing that neither
the submitted paper nor any similar paper, in whole or in part, other
than an abstract or preliminary communication, has been submitted,
published, or is in press in any other scientific journal. Permission to
reproduce all or parts of articles published in AACR journals must be
sought from the AACR Publications Office [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax:
(215) 440-9354; e-mail: permissions@aacr.org <?mailto:permissions@aacr.org?>

*Embargo Policy.* Submitted papers may not be discussed with the media
(including other scientific journals). Once a paper is accepted, the
American Association for Cancer Research may notify the press about the
article in advance of publication. Authors may speak with the press
before the paper is published, but the information in accepted articles
is embargoed from reporting by the print media until the Journal's issue
date and embargoed from reporting by all other media until
12:01 A.M.(EST) the date of issue. Authors who discuss their work with
the media before publication must ensure that the media know the
preceding policy. Authors arranging their own publicity on their
articles are advised to notify the AACR Communications Department
[phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9410; e-mail:
communications@aacr.org <?mailto:communications@aacr.org?>

* Authorship.* Who should be listed as an author is determined by the
authors or by policies at their institutions, or both. As a general
guideline, persons listed as authors should have contributed
substantially to  1)  the conception and design of the study,
acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 
2)  drafting the article or revising it for important content; and 
3)  final approval of the version to be published. The corresponding
author is responsible for ensuring that all authors have agreed to be
authors and have agreed to the manuscript?s content and its submission
to the Journal. If any changes are proposed to authorship after the
manuscript is submitted, including the order of author listing, the
corresponding author must provide the AACR Publications Department with
signed documentation that the authors involved agree to the changes.
/Clinical Cancer Research/ accepts no responsibility for deciding
matters of authorship.

*Image Acquisition and Analysis*

It is the authors? responsibility to exercise discretion during data
acquisition, where misrepresentation must be avoided. Acquisition of
images for comparative purposes must be standardized. Specimen areas
should be selected which objectively represent the critical features
being presented. Images should be captured in a non-compressing format
such as .tif, or .bmp. Authors should retain their unprocessed images
and metadata files, as editors may request them to aid in manuscript
evaluation. If unprocessed data is unavailable, manuscript evaluation
may be delayed until the issue is resolved. Files which have been
adjusted in any way should be saved separately from the originals, also
in a non-compressed format. Compressing formats, such as .jpg, should
only be used for presentation of final figures, where requested, to keep
files sizes small for electronic transmission.

8 bit monochrome, or 24 bit RGB acquisition is acceptable for visual
documentation, but capture at higher bit depths is generally required
for fine analysis of intensity data. Only non-adjusted original files
should be used for analysis. If data is presented which includes
mathematical representations of pixel intensities and locations, the
original unprocessed files must be provided for review. A description of
the analysis preparation and techniques should be included in the
supplementary data.

*Image Manipulation*

The /American Association for Cancer Research/ allows that minimal image
adjustment is acceptable for publication in its journals; however, the
final image must remain representative of the original data. Adjustments
of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable only if they
are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure or
eliminate any information present in the original, including
backgrounds. Non-linear manipulation, such as ?gamma? should only be
used to adjust the overall presentation of the image, to make sure
details are visible in the printed form. Alteration to specific features
within the image is generally not acceptable. Sub-forms of an image may
not be enhanced, obscured, moved or removed in relation to the larger
image.

Non-linear algorithms to enhance overall presentation such as background
subtraction, shading correction, sharpening, despeckling and flattening
may be acceptable, but disclosure of adjustment must be included in the
legend and the specific techniques must be described in the supplemental
data. Descriptions must include the original, unprocessed files for
comparison.

*Image Composites*

The grouping of images from different originals must be made explicit,
both by the arrangement of the figure (i.e., adding dividing lines) and
in the text of the figure legend. This also applies to multiple fields
taken from the same image (such as individual lanes combined from a
single electrophoresis gel), and separate images acquired with different
conditions. If dividing lines are not included, they will be added by
our production department, and may result in publication delays.

Figures presenting merged color images from fluorescence originals must
include the original single channel images used to make the merged file.
Original images captured as color files are acceptable, but grayscale
images are preferred, laid out in sequence as part of the figure.

Multiple images may be combined into a single photomontage when the area
of interest cannot be captured in a single image. In such a case, all
images which make up the montage must be captured using a standardized
method. Each smaller image must overlap its neighboring image by ¼ of
the shared field in each direction. The outer boundary of the combined
image must be clearly delineated with a line. Any post-processing must
be done to the total, combined montage. All original images must also be
submitted as supplementary data.

Top <#top>

*Electrophoretic gels and blots*

Include positive and negative controls, as well as molecular size
markers, on each gel and blot. Provide a citation for previously
characterized antibodies. For antibodies less well characterized in the
system under study, we require a detailed characterization that
demonstrates not only the specificity of the antibody, but also the
range of reactivity of the reagent in the assay, which will be published
as supplementary data. Clearly separate vertically sliced gels that
juxtapose lanes that were not contiguous in the experiment or include a
line delineating the boundary between the gels.

The display of cropped gels and blots in the main paper is encouraged if
it improves the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. In such
cases, the cropping must be mentioned in the figure legend and the
supplementary information should include full-length gels and blots
wherever possible. These uncropped images should be labeled as in the
main text and placed in a single supplementary figure. The manuscript?s
figure legends should state that ?full-length blots/gels are presented
in Supplemental Figure X.?

    *

      Cropped gels in the paper must retain important bands.

    *

      Cropped blots in the body of the paper should retain at least six
      band widths above and below the band.

    *

      High-contrast gels and blots are discouraged, as overexposure may
      mask additional bands. Authors should strive for exposures with
      gray backgrounds. Multiple exposures should be presented in
      supplementary information if high contrast is unavoidable.
      High-contrast immunoblots should be surrounded by a black line to
      indicate the borders of the blot.

    *

      Describe all image acquisition tools and image processing software.

    *

      Document key image-gathering settings and processing manipulations
      in the Supplementary Data.

*Microscopy*

The most important images should be made available to referees in images
that are at least 300 dpi at the size which they will be published.
Adjustments should be applied to the entire image. Threshold
manipulation, expansion or contraction of signal ranges and the altering
of high signals should be avoided. ?Pseudo-coloring? and nonlinear
adjustment (for example ?gamma changes?) are only allowed if unavoidable
and must be disclosed. Include the following with the final revised
version of the manuscript for publication:

    *

      Include a magnification scale bar for each image.

    *

      In the Methods section, specify the type of equipment
      (microscopes/objective lenses, cameras, detectors) used.
      Acquisition software should also be specified, as well as a
      description of specialized techniques requiring large amounts of
      processing, such as confocal, deconvolution, 3D reconstructions,
      or surface and volume rendering.

    *

      In Supplementary Data, provide additional acquisition information
      for each image, including time and space resolution data (xyzt and
      pixel dimensions), image bit depth, experimental conditions such
      as temperature and imaging medium, and fluorochromes.

* Conflict of Interest.* Journal policy requires that authors,
reviewers, and Associate Editors reveal to the Editor-in-Chief or Senior
Editors any relationships that they believe could be construed as
resulting in an actual, potential, or apparent conflict of interest with
regard to the manuscript submitted for review. Authors must disclose
this information in the covering letter accompanying their submission.
The existence of financial interests or other relationships of a
commercial nature is not necessarily regarded as creating a conflict of
interest. Rather, Journal policy represents a recognition of the many
factors that can influence judgments about research data and a desire to
make as much information as possible available to those reviewing the
data. If in the judgment of the Editor-in-Chief the information revealed
does represent a potential conflict of interest, notification concerning
the relationship may be published. If such action is deemed necessary,
the authors will be informed before publication.

*Availability of Materials.* It is understood that by publishing any
work in / Clinical Cancer Research/ the authors agree to make freely
available to other academic researchers any of the cells, clones of
cells or DNA or antibodies, etc. that were used in the research reported
and that are not available from commercial suppliers. The publication of
articles including new genes, proteins or crystallographic structures is
contingent on deposition of the accession number and/or structural
coordinates in a publicly accessible database. The reporting
requirements extend to the chemical structures of drugs, as well as
sequences of oligonucleotides used in antisense strategies and RNA. In
addition, AACR journals require the disclosure of chemical structures of
any unpublished synthetic, low molecular weight (<1,000 g/mol) chemical
compounds used as part of the described research (including clinical
studies in humans). These requirements are subject to amendment as the
need for disclosure changes with evolving technologies. Also, authors
may be required to make primary data available to the Editor-in-Chief in
cases of dispute.

*Depositing Data in Public Databases.* The AACR requires that authors
submitting manuscripts describing microarray data be prepared to supply
peer reviewers with the data in a format that conforms to the Minimum
Information About a Microarray Gene Experiment (MIAME) guidelines of the
Microarray Gene Expression Data society (MGED). These guidelines include
a checklist of information to be included with each new microarray
submission; the checklist is available online
(http://www.mged.org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame_checklist.html). Authors
will also be required to deposit the data with either of two public
repositories: GEO (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/>) or Array Express
(www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress <http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress>) and to
have the accession numbers available to be published in the article.

Large data sets of peripheral significance to the main thesis of the
investigation will not be published in / Clinical Cancer Research/ but
may be posted in the Data Supplements section of / Clinical Cancer
Research/ online. The manuscript should contain a footnote that
indicates how this ancillary material can be obtained. Contact the AACR
Publications Department [phone: (215) 440-9300] for more information.
Supplementary data should be submitted for review with the manuscript.
See section ?Online Submission? for additional information.

Authors of manuscripts with new nucleotide or amino acids sequences are
asked to deposit the sequence information with GenBank (National Center
for Biotechnology Information, Building 38A, Rm. 8N-803, 8600 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894; phone: (301) 496-2475; fax: (301) 480-9241;
e-mail for information: nfo@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
<mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>; e-mail for submission:
b-sub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. <mailto:b-sub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>

Authors outside of the United States may elect to deposit sequence
information in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) database
(e-mail: datasubs@ebi.ac.uk <mailto:datasubs@ebi.ac.uk>) or the DNA
Databank of Japan (e-mail: datasubs@ebi.ac.uk
<mailto:datasubs@ebi.ac.uk>). The accession numbers for deposited
sequences will be published with the article.

Top <#top>

*4. REVIEW PROCESS*

The Journal has an international editorial board with broad expertise in
all areas of cancer research. The senior editors and the editorial board
provide fair and thorough evaluations of papers submitted to /Clinical
Cancer Research/. When reviewing manuscripts, the editors and invited
outside reviewers are expected to adhere to strict ethical conduct
during the review. This mandates that the confidentiality of the
material under review be maintained. Further details on the appropriate
conduct for editors and reviewers can be found in /Ethics and Policy in
Scientific Publications/ (First Edition, 1992, published by the Council
of Biology Editors, Inc., Northbrook, IL 60603). Submission of a
manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the strict policy of the
Journal that under no circumstances will the identities or information
leading to the identities of the reviewers be revealed. Every effort is
made to render editorial decisions promptly, consistent with
thoroughness of review. Each submitted manuscript is evaluated for
suitability for consideration for publication in /Clinical Cancer
Research/ and must meet minimal general requirements to warrant peer
review. After submission, a manuscript undergoes Pre-Review based on the
following criteria:

    *

      Must be original, not confirmatory.

    *

      Must demonstrate a clear application to the current or future
      practice of medicine.

    *

      Must describe hypothesis testing not hypothesis generation.

    *

      Must possess robust statistics.

    *

      Must be biologically based, not empiric.

    *

      Pre-clinical studies must be robust and demonstrable in greater
      than one model.

    *

      Must be important and interesting to our membership.

Authors should discuss compliance with the above criteria in their cover
letter. Manuscripts will successfully pass Pre-Review by meeting the
criteria. If a manuscript successfully passes Pre-Review, it will then
be sent out for peer review.

*Biomarker Studies*

/Clinical Cancer Research/ is interested in publishing biomarker studies
that are predictive of therapeutic outcome or natural history of
disease. Highest priority will be given to those articles that are
likely to have direct clinical applications and are definitive based on
size of cohort, methodological approach, statistical analysis,
reproducibility and patient follow-up.

The highest rated articles will customarily:

    *

      Include or be based on mechanistic data.

    *

      Describe a unique cohort with result that directly impact clinical
      practice.

    *

      Predict response to specific therapies and/or interventions that
      will lead to direct applications in clinical practice.

The journal welcomes manuscripts that report on the different stages of
biomarker development:

    *

      Phase 2 studies to determine the capacity of biomarkers to
      distinguish between people with cancer and those without.

    *

      Phase 3 studies that determine how well biomarkers detect
      preclinical disease by testing the markers against tissues
      collected longitudinally from research cohorts.

    *

      Phase 4 studies that identify the extent and characteristics of
      disease detected by the test and determine the false-positive rate.

Phase 1 exploratory studies to identify potentially useful biomarkers
are usually more appropriate for a journal specializing in epidemiologic
topics.

/Clinical Cancer Research/ will not normally publish articles that
report the value of single or combination of markers in the absence of
these aforementioned points. For example, articles describing the
prognostic value of a specific marker without strong rationale or
mechanistic data that do not include multivariate analysis where
appropriate will likely receive a lower rating. Particular attention
will be given to sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a
marker or test being proposed for clinical use.

Because the reporting of early clinical trials is in evolution, the
Editors have asked Dr. Stephen L. George, a noted biostatistician, to
revisit traditional methods of reporting clinical trials and update
them. Dr. George?s checklist, appended below and reprinted with
Dr. George?s permission, is a part of /Clinical Cancer Research?s/
review process, and authors who are submitting manuscripts that report
results of clinical research studies are strongly advised to consult the
checklist:

Top <#top>

*A Checklist for Reporting the Results of Clinical Research Studies in
Cancer*

By Stephen L. George
Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC
© Stephen L. George. Reprinted with permission.

 

*Introduction*

Papers reviewing the adequacy of reporting research results in the
medical literature have been published regularly for several decades,
with the distressingly common finding that reporting of basic elements
of design, conduct, or analysis is often inadequate (1?3). Some of the
problems discovered are major ones, calling into question important
conclusions of the paper. In recent years, major efforts of editors of
clinical journals have improved the situation. For example, the
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines (4),
aimed at improving the reporting of randomized clinical trials, have
been adopted by over 150 journals. However, reports of randomized trials
represent only a small fraction of the clinical research literature,
including those published in Clinical Cancer Research (CCR). Early phase
non-randomized clinical trials as well as non-clinical trial studies of
cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy are much more common.

In an attempt to provide guidance to contributors and reviewers of
manuscripts submitted to CCR, the following checklist is provided. This
checklist represents a synthesis of several checklists and reviews
(5?11) and provides a brief summary of items that should be addressed in
the reporting of clinical research studies. It is not aimed primarily at
clinical trials, although some clinical trial-specific items are
included. For the special case of a randomized clinical trial, the
CONSORT guidelines should be followed
(http://www.consort-statement.org/revisedstatement.htm).

 

*Checklist *

*I. Design*

   1.

      Objectives: State the objectives and major hypotheses.

   2.

      Outcome measures (endpoints): Define the outcome measures or
      endpoints under study.

   3.

      Design specification: Describe and justify the particular design
      chosen to address the objectives (e.g., observational,
      retrospective, case-control, clinical trial, etc).

   4.

      Sample size (planned): Give the planned number of study
      participants and the reasons for this planned number (e.g., power,
      size of detectable difference, etc.) for the chosen design.

   5.

      Target population: Define the target population and how study
      participants were selected for (or excluded from) the study.

   6.

      For clinical trials (in addition to the above):

    a. Registration: Give details of the registration process

    b. Quality control: Describe data quality control procedures,
    including any independent review mechanisms.

    c. Interim analyses (planned): Describe the plans for interim analyses

 

*II. Analysis*

   1.

      General: Provide enough detail on the analyses carried out to
      enable a reader to reproduce the analyses if the data were available.

   2.

      Statistical methods: Identify and define all statistical methods.
      Give references to standard statistical sources (with page
      numbers). Identify and reference all computer programs or
      statistical packages used in the analysis.

   3.

      Precision: Present measures of precision and uncertainty for all
      statistical estimates (e.g., standard errors, confidence
      intervals, or other measures). Plots of estimated parameters
      should give error bars if possible, with a clear explanation of
      what is being plotted (e.g., 95% CI).

   4.

      Statistical significance tests: For tests involving key outcome
      measures, identify the statistical test used, the value of the
      test statistic, and the degrees of freedom of the test statistic.
      Use observed p-values (e.g., not p < 0.05 or NS). Avoid spurious
      precision in p-values (a maximum of three significant figures is
      generally sufficient).

   5.

      Regression models: Validate any regression models used in the
      analysis.

   6.

      Multiplicity adjustments: Explain any adjustments made for
      multiple testing, subgroup analyses or similar procedures.

   7.

      Missing data: Explain how missing or incomplete data were handled
      in the analysis.

   8.

      For clinical trials (in addition to the above):

    a. Dates: Give the important study dates (e.g., date the study
    opened, date the last patient was admitted, and approximate date of
    analysis).

    b. Sample size (actual): Justify any difference between the planned
    and actual sample size, if any.

    c. Interim analyses (actual): Provide a brief summary of the results
    of any interim analyses, including both planned and unplanned
    analyses. State why the study was stopped and why it is being
    reported now.

    d. Compliance to treatments: Give an assessment of compliance to the
    treatment regimens, including both patient compliance (e.g., for
    self-medications) and physician compliance (e.g., for surgery,
    radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Give a summary comparison of planned
    versus actual treatment. Give the proportion of patients who
    completed treatment.

    e. Patient accounting: Account for all registered patients in the
    analysis. If there were any exclusions from the primary analyses,
    give the numbers and the reasons for the exclusions.

    f. Patient characteristics: Give a table showing the distribution of
    patient characteristics and important prognostic factors by
    treatment groups.

    g. Follow-up: Account for the number (and timing) of patients who
    were lost to follow-up or who dropped out. Give the reasons for
    these losses. Present the losses separately by treatment group.
    State how these patients were treated in the analysis. Give the
    reasons for ?censoring?. Give the duration of follow-up (median, %
    at various time points, etc.).

    h. Toxicity: Give tables of toxicity, side-effects, and complications.

    i. Negative studies: Address statistical power and?or precision for
    so-called ?negative? studies, those that fail to reject the null
    hypothesis of equality. Be especially cautious in claiming
    equivalence unless the study was designed to address this issue.

 

*	References *

   1.

      Altman DG. The scandal of poor medical research. Br Med J 1994;308.

   2.

      Altman DG. Statistics in medical journals: some recent trends.
      Stat Med 2000;19:3275?89.

   3.

      Goodman SN, Altman DG, George SL. Statistical reviewing policies
      of medical journals: caveat lector? J General Intern Med
      1998;13:753?6.

   4.

      Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DF, CONSORT Group. The CONSORT
      statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of
      reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Clin Oral Investig
      2003;7:2?7.

   5.

      Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. Towards complete and
      accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD
      Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:40?4.

   6.

      Bailar JC III, Mosteller F. Guidelines for statistical reporting
      in articles for medical journals. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:266?73.

   7.

      DerSimonian R, Charette J, McPeek B, Mosteller F. Reporting on
      methods in clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1332?7.

   8.

      Des Jarlais DV, Lyles C, Crepaz N, TREND Group. Improving the
      reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and
      public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public
      Health 2004;94:361?6.

   9.

      Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the
      assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and
      non-randomised studies of health care interventions. JEpidemiol
      Community Health 1998;52:377?84.

  10.

      Gardner MJ, Machin D, Campbell MJ. Use of check lists in assessing
      the statistical content of medical studies. Br Med J 1986;292:810?2.

  11.

      Moher D, Jadad AR, Nichol G, Penman M, Tugwell P, Walsh S.
      Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: an
      annotated bibliography of scales and checklists. Control Clin
      Trials 1995;16:62?73.

 

The Journal has an international editorial board with broad expertise in
all areas of cancer research. The senior editors and the editorial board
provide fair and thorough evaluations of papers submitted to /Clinical
Cancer Research/. When reviewing manuscripts, the editors and invited
outside reviewers are expected to adhere to strict ethical conduct
during the review. This mandates that the confidentiality of the
material under review be maintained. Further details on appropriate
conduct for editors and reviewers can be found in /Ethics and Policy in
Scientific Publications/ (First Edition, 1992, published by the Council
of Biology Editors, Inc., Northbrook, IL 60603).

Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the
strict policy of the Journal that under no circumstances will the
identities or information leading to the identities of the reviewers be
revealed.

Every effort is made to render editorial decisions promptly, consistent
with thoroughness of review. Authors are able to track the progress of
manuscripts submitted electronically through the American Association
for Cancer Research?s peer-review system (http://ccr.msubmit.net). Other
inquiries should be made to the AACR Publications Department via fax:
(215) 440-9354, or e-mail: ccr@aacr.org <mailto:ccr@aacr.org>. /Collect
telephone calls from authors cannot be accepted./

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*Publication Fees and Reprints*

A per-page charge of *$85 for pages 1?6 and $115 for each additional
published page* will be levied on all manuscripts accepted for
publication. It is understood at the time of submission that the
author(s) agree to pay this charge in the event of publication. If your
manuscript is accepted, you will receive instructions regarding payment
of the fee along with a form for ordering reprints. The reprint order
form must be completed and returned two weeks before publication, even
if reprints are not desired, because payment information for the
publication fees is required. Failure to return the form with this
information will delay publication of your article.

Prepayment for publication fees and, if desired, for reprints, can be
made in the form of a check (in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank),
signed institutional purchase order, or credit card (VISA, Mastercard,
American Express) information supplied on the reprint order form, which
serves as a proforma invoice. Return the order form and payment made
payable to American Association for Cancer Research, P.O. Box 631060,
Baltimore, MD 21263-1060. Reprints are shipped approximately 2 weeks
after publication of the journal. Allow extra time for delivery.

After publication, the cost of reprints for articles that contain color
is much more expensive than before publication, and this cost will be
estimated on an individual basis. For such an estimate or if you have
any other inquiries regarding reprints, please contact Cadmus Journal
Services Reprint Department [phone: (800) 407-9190 or (410) 819-3992;
fax: (410) 820-9765].

Under exceptional circumstances, when no grant or other source of
support exists, the author(s) may apply to Kathleen Case, Publisher,
AACR Publications Department (see masthead for address) at the time of
submission for a waiver of the page charges. All such applications must
be countersigned by an appropriate institutional official, and it must
specifically state that no funds are available for the payment of page
charges. Requests made after production has commenced cannot be granted.

 

*5. SUBMISSION PROCEDURES*

*Online Submission*

/Clinical Cancer Research/ authors must register electronically through
the *AACR SmartSubmit* Review system (ccr.msubmit.net
<http://ccr.msubmit.net>) whether they are submitting a manuscript
online or by regular mail. Complete details on how to submit or resubmit
a manuscript can be found when you log on to the *AACR SmartSubmit* to
create an author account or on the AACR Website (click here for Author
Instructions
<http://www.aacr.org/Uploads/DocumentRepository/Journals/AACRSmartSubmit/author_instr.pdf>).

When you submit online, you will be asked to provide the following:

    *

      Title of the manuscript.

    *

      Running title to be printed at the top of each printed page that
      does not exceed 50 characters in length.

    *

      Full name and affiliations of all authors, complete with first and
      middle names or initials, but not academic degrees, and contact
      information for each.

    *

      Selection of a journal section from the drop-down box that you
      believe to be the best match for your manuscript. Note that the
      final section assignments are at the discretion of the editors.

    *

      Selection of the type of manuscript from a drop-down box and
      indication of whether or not it was invited.

    *

      Selection of one of the journal?s Deputy Editors or Senior Editors
      who will conduct the review process with the expert assistance of
      the journal?s Editorial Board Members or Reviewers. Authors who
      are submitting papers within the subject areas covered by the
      Editor-in-Chief, or whose manuscripts do not pertain to any of the
      research areas listed, should select the Editor-in-Chief as the
      suggested Editor. All authors are required to provide the names
      and contact information (particularly affiliations and e-mail
      addresses) of at least 2 potential reviewers who are not recent or
      current collaborators or advisors in the area under investiation.
      Authors are also welcome to suggest Editorial Board Members who
      might best serve as peer-reviewers of the manuscript. A current
      list of the journal?s Editorial Board Members is available on the
      masthead page of the journal, or can be accessed at
      clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/misc/edboard.shtml
      <http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/misc/edboard.shtml>.

    *

      URLs for Supplemental Data, if needed.

    *

      Cover letter to be uploaded along with your manuscript and
      graphics files. Include a description of the novel and salient
      findings of the work, as well as any information not covered
      elsewhere in the submission form. Please be sure to discuss
      compliance with the Pre-Review criteria referenced above in the
      Review Process portion of this document

    *

      Abstract (not to exceed 250 words) typed into the box provided and
      structured in paragraphs presenting the *Purpose, Experimental
      Design, Results,* and *Conclusions* of your paper. Abstracts are
      often copied directly by the secondary services, so they should
      recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the
      experimental technique, results, and interpretations of the data.
      Include a synopsis of all pertinent data but do not include
      references. Keep abbreviations and acronyms to an absolute minimum.

    *

      Answers to questions about the manuscript, such as statement of
      authorship, notification of color reproduction costs, and
      disclosure of conflicts of interest.

When you have completed the submission form, you will be able to upload
your cover letter, manuscript, and graphics files, and supplemental data
(if necessary). The following are acceptable formats for manuscript
files: PDF (for original submissions only; not for revisions), Word,
WordPerfect, EPS, text, Postscript, or RTF. The following are acceptable
formats for graphics files for original submissions: TIFF, GIF, JPEG,
Postscript, or EPS format. The following are acceptable formats for
graphics files for revised manuscripts: TIFF or EPS. Figures/Images
should not be embedded in the manuscript file. PDF files for
figures/images are not accepatable.

*Revisions*

If you have been asked to revise your paper and you are ready to submit
it, log on to the *AACR SmartSubmit* at ccr.msubmit.net
<http://ccr.msubmit.net> and click the Revised Manuscript link on your
author homepage. You will be asked to review the information you
originally submitted to confirm its accuracy. In your cover letter,
please be sure to provide a point by point reply to the reviewers?
comments as well as a listing of the changes made and page numbers where
the changes appear.

When you have successfully resubmitted your manuscript, you will receive
acknowledgement via e-mail.

Please note that all authors on a paper will be required to complete
Conflict of Interest and Copyright Transfer forms prior to acceptance of
any manuscript.

Authors are able to track the progress of manuscripts submitted
electronically and via mail through the American Association for Cancer
Research?s peer-review system, *AACR SmartSubmit* (www.ccr.msubmit.net
<http://ccr.msubmit.net>). Other inquires should be made to the AACR
Publications Department via phone: (215) 440-9300, fax: (215) 440-9411,
or e-mail: ccr@aacr.org. /Collect telephone calls from authors cannot be
accepted./

*Revision Time.* Authors are advised that the revised version of their
manuscript is likely to undergo another review if the original
submission required extensive changes or if the authors' responses to
the criticisms entail rebuttal rather than revision. Authors are asked
to submit their revised versions within 4 weeks from the notification of
the decision on a manuscript. The editors acknowledge that a longer
period of time might be needed to make the revisions in some cases.
However, if a revised manuscript is not received within 3 months from
the date of notification of the decision, the resubmission will be
considered a new manuscript and it will be subject to all of the
conditions of an original submission, including being assigned a new
date of receipt, and being subject to an entirely new review process.
*All authors of revised manuscripts are advised that any manuscript that
has been revised once and is deemed by the Editors to require further
major revision will not be accepted for publication.*

*Appeals for Reconsideration.* Authors are advised that decisions
rendered on manuscripts by the Editor-in-Chief, Deputy Editors, or
Senior Editors are final and appeals for reconsideration will not be
accepted.

*Cover Features*

The covers of /Clinical Cancer Research/ feature illustrations chosen by
the editor-in-chief from the articles scheduled for publication in that
issue. Authors whose articles are chosen for a cover feature will be
asked to provide a high-quality version of the selected illustration as
well as a brief legend (four to five sentences) describing the
significance of the image. In light of the rapid production schedule for
Journal covers, authors are expected to provide the requested material
*within three days*.

While authors may request consideration for a cover feature, final cover
selections are made at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief.

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*6. JOURNAL FORMAT*

The Journal uses the following resources and advises authors to consult
them in preparing manuscripts for submission: /Stedman?s Medical
Dictionary/ (Twenty-seventh Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Baltimore, MD); /Council of Science Editors. 2006. Scientific
style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers,/
7th ed. Reston, VA: Council of Science Editors and Rockefeller
University Press; and /The ACS Style Guide/ (First Edition, 1986,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC). For correct terminology and
nomenclature, consult the recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on
Biochemical Nomenclature, some of which are included in the online
version of these Instructions.

In preparing papers, write in concise, grammatically correct English.
Papers that are not in /Clinical Cancer Research/ style or that are not
in good idiomatic English may we returned to the author without review.
Laboratory jargon as well as terminology and abbreviations not
consistent with internationally accepted guidelines should be avoided.
Include as many good quality figures and tables as are needed for clear
and accurate presentation. Figures and tables should supplement the
information in the text (or vice versa) and not duplicate it. Follow
these instructions carefully for preparing manuscripts and art.

*Title page*, including full names of all authors, complete with first
and middle names or initials, but not academic degrees; affiliations of
all authors; address for reprint requests; any grant information; a
running title of about 50 characters; and 5 key words. Include the
following footnotes to the title page (if applicable) in this order:

    * *Authors and Affiliations.* Authors are urged to include their
      full names, complete with first and middle names or initials.
      Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations
      of institutions and the laboratories or names and locations of
      companies should be given. If several institutions are listed on a
      paper, it should be clearly indicated with which department and
      institution each author is affiliated by using superscript numbers
      that correspond to each author?s affiliation. Financial support,
      including the source and number of grants *for each author*,
      should be listed.

    * Full name, mailing address, and e-mail address (optional) of the
      person to whom reprint requests should be sent.

    * Other notes about the paper as a whole (whether part of a series,
      conflict of interest statements, etc.).

*Abstract.* (Not to exceed 250 words.) Abstracts should be structured in
paragraphs presenting the following four topics: *Purpose, Experimental
Design, Results,* and *Conclusions*. Abstracts should recapitulate in
abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental
technique, results, and interpretations of the data. Include a synopsis
of all pertinent data but do not include references. Keep abbreviations
and acronyms to an absolute minimum.

*Introduction.* Use this section to briefly acquaint the reader with the
findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that
the author?s particular investigation addresses.

*Materials and Methods.* Explain experimental methods briefly but
adequately for repetition by qualified investigators. Fully cite
procedures that have been published previously and fully explain new and
significant modifications of previously published procedures. Give the
sources of special chemicals or preparations used and their locations
[city and state (country, if foreign)].

This Journal endorses the principles embodied in the Declaration of
Helsinki and expects that all investigations involving humans will have
been performed in accordance with these principles. In particular,
papers reporting human experimentation must include a statement that the
human investigations were performed after approval by an institutional
review board and in accordance with an assurance filed with and approved
by the Department of Health and Human Services, where appropriate. Also,
papers reporting biomedical research involving human subjects must
include a statement that informed consent was obtained from each subject
or subject?s guardian. To obtain a copy of the Helsinki Declaration,
contact the World Medical Association, Bôite Postale 63, 01210,
Ferney-Voltaire Cedex, France, or acquire a copy from the WMA Website
(www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm <http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm>).

/Clinical Cancer Research/ is a staunch supporter of the most humane
treatment of animals in the conduct of scientific studies, and it is
expected that investigators will adhere to widely accepted national
standards such as the following:

   1.

      The U.S. Public Health Service /Policy on Humane Care and Use of
      Laboratory Animals/, available from the Office of Laboratory
      Animal Welfare, national Institutes of Health, Department of
      Health and Human Services, RKLI, Suite 360, MSC 7982,
      6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7982 or online at
      http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm#pol

   2.

      The United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research?s
      ?Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia?
      (Second Edition, 1997) available online at
      http://www.ncrn.org.uk/csg/animal_guides_text.pdf
      <http://www.ncrn.org.uk/csg/animal_guides_txt.pdf>.This report
      encourages researchers to ?refine endpoints in experiemental
      neoplasia and to disseminate best practice by publishing such
      improvements, to incorporate welfare statements in experimental
      protocols and to report compliance with appropriate guidelines in
      publications.?

 

Only the results (particularly the photographic presentation of
experimental data) in which proper attention has been given to ethical
considerations toward animals will be published, and the AACR reserves
the right to reject papers that do not follow accepted studies.

*Results.* Include a concise summary of the data presented in tables and
illustrations. Excessive elaboration of data already given in tables and
illustrations should be avoided.

*Discussion.* The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating
material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is
permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider
implications of the findings is encouraged. The Results and Discussion
sections should be combined if, by so doing, the logical sequence of the
material is improved.

*Footnotes.* In most instances, information should be presented in the
text, not in footnotes. If footnotes are necessary, use superscript
Arabic numerals following consecutively throughout the text from the
affiliations? listings. For footnotes on tables, see section on *Tables*.

*Addenda.* Data acquired after acceptance of the paper, by the authors
themselves or by others, cannot be added to the text. An addendum may be
included at the proof stage as a brief ?Note Added in Proof,? preceding
the References section. Addenda are subject to approval by the
editor-in-chief.

*References.* See specific information on references in the References
section of these Instructions.

*Acknowledgments.*

*Tables.* Every table must have a descriptive title and should
supplement, not duplicate, data already presented in the text. Each
column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given,
the units should be given with the column heading. Tables should be
numbered with Arabic numerals, and table footnotes should be indicated
with standard footnote signs: *, ?, ?, §, ||, **, ??, etc. Include a
Note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table
that have not been used in the text are explained. Indicate placement of
tables in order in the text.

*Figures or Illustrations.* Follow carefully the instructions for
preparing art (see the next section). Indicate placement of figures in
order in the text.

*Preparing Art*

Illustrations can include line drawings (graphs) or halftone
illustrations (photographs, photomicrographs, electrophoretic patterns).
Please note that all figures must be numbered on the front of the
figure. Black and white illustrations should be provided in Tagged Image
File Format (TIFF) and sized to approximate column width of the Journal.
(The dimensions of the Journal are 1 column = 3 inches, 2 columns =
6.75 inches. For estimating purposes, 3 figures are equal to 1 printed
page.) In all cases, hard copy of the artwork should be submitted with
the disk, labeled in pencil with the corresponding author?s name,
manuscript number, format, and figure number on an adhesive label on the
reverse side. Indicate the top. Illustrations that must appear together
for comparison should be grouped under one figure number with each
figure section clearly identified as ?A?, ?B?, ?C?, etc. Please do not
exceed four sections, except in Western blot. Do not include tables in
figure sections. Photomicrographs should be cropped to show the main
area of importance. In preparing graphs, be sure that the abscissas,
ordinates, lines, and especially the symbols are sufficiently large to
permit reduction if necessary. Note that gray does not reproduce well,
especially if reduction is required, so use patterns consisting of solid
black and white first on bar graphs. If further distinctions need to be
made among elements on an illustration, use horizontal, vertical,
diagonal, or cross-hatched lines. Avoid using fine, broken, or dotted
lines.

Graphs should be ruled off close to the area occupied by the curve, and
abscissas and ordinates should be clearly marked with appropriate units.
Explanations of the coordinates should not extend beyond the respective
lines. Do not box-in graphs with top and right-hand frame lines unless
these are essential for reference.

Titles printed outside the confines of the drawing waste space; all of
this information should be included in the legend. Also, to conserve
space, those curves that may appropriately appear together should be
included in a single graph.

*Color Art *

Authors are encouraged to submit color art, but they must partially
offset the cost of color reproduction. The cost of color reproduction
charged to authors is *$750 per color figure*.

Please submit prints of sufficient quality to permit accurate color
reproduction; you will be asked to approve the final color proof. Please
note carefully the differences between CMYK and RGB color prints before
you submit your color art.

*CMYK versus RGB Color Files.* All color files submitted to CCR must be
saved as a CMYK file (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), also known as
subtractive color or process color. This is the four-color process that
is used for high-end journal printing. Although graphics created and
saved in RGB (red, green, blue) color space (also known as additive
color or indexed color) display well within electronic processes such as
the Web, screen displays, and CD-ROM products, they will not separate
correctly for printing. The printed CMYK color will not match an RGB
computer-generated file. Authors whose RGB files require extensive color
correction will be charged for additional separations. For more
information, go to http://cjs.cadmus.com/da.

For more detailed information on submitting illustrations
electronically, you can visit the Cadmus Journal Services Website at
http://cjs.cadmus.com/da, or send e-mail to digitalart@cadmus.com
<mailto:digitalart@cadmus.com>, or call the Digital Art Help Line at
(800) 257-5529, ext. 6985 or (410) 691-6985.

*Legends*

Legends are required for all figures. They should briefly describe the
data shown; details in the text should not be repeated. Staining and
original magnifications must be included for photomicrographs. Each
legend should adequately identify all symbols, abbreviations,
mathematical expressions, abscissas, ordinates, units, and reference
points used on the figure.

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*7. JOURNAL STYLE*

*Terminology *

Use the approved terms and abbreviations for chemical substances
recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC). Comprehensive recommendations on nomenclature are available
online (www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html
<http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html>). Recommended nomenclature for
biomedical and physical sciences can be found in /Scientific Style and
Format/, Sixth Edition, Council of Biology Editors (now the Council of
Science Editors), 1994 (Available from: www.councilscienceeditors.org).

Authors should use the Recommended Name given in /Enzyme Nomenclature
1992: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International
Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes/
(Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1992). In some cases the Systematic
Name or the reaction catalyzed should also be included. It is strongly
recommended that the Enzyme Commission number be stated at first
mention. Supplements to this work are available online
[www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme
<http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme>].

Designations for mouse strains should conform to the /Rules and
Guidelines for Genetic Nomenclature in Mice/, from the International
Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice (Mouse Genome;
1994:92: vii?xxxii) and available online
www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen.shtml
<http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen.shtml>].

Generic names of drugs are preferred with the brand name included at
first mention only to identify new components that may not be recognized
by their generic name. If a non-U.S. proprietary name is used, the name
of the comparable U.S. product should be given. When there is no generic
name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a
description of the active ingredients.

Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in the
current edition of USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names.

*Histones.* The six histone fractions are to be labeled H1, H1°, H2A,
H2B, H3, and H4, rather than F1, F1?, F2a2, F2b, F3, and F2a1, respectively.

*Interferon Assays.* When reporting the calibration of interferon
assays, authors should state the name, identifying number, and assigned
potency of the international standard used to calibrate their assay,
along with the observed geometric mean titer of the standard, the
standard deviation of that value, the number of titrations performed to
obtain that value, and the technical details of the assay.

*Inbred Strains.* Designations for inbred mouse strains should conform
to the guidelines in ?Standardized Nomenclature for Inbred Strains of
Mice: Eighth Listing,? Cancer Res., 45: 945?977, 1985, prepared by Joan
Staats for the Committee on Standardized Nomenclature for Mice; for
designations of inbred strains of rats, please refer to ?Standardized
Nomenclature for Inbred Strains of Rats: Fourth Listing,? Michael
Festing and Joan Staats. Transplantation, 16 (No. 3): 221?245, 1973.

*Outbred Animal Stocks.* Nomenclature for outbred laboratory animals
should conform to that recommended by the Committee on Nomenclature,
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources: ?A Nomenclature System for
Outbred Animals,? Lab. Animal Care, 20: 903?906, 1970.

*Drugs.* Generic names of drugs are preferred; a proprietary name may be
used only after the first mention of the generic name and should be
avoided in titles unless both names can be listed easily. If a foreign
proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U.S. product should
be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give
the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients.

Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in
/USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names/ (1998).

*Tumors.* Tumors used in experimental investigations should be clearly
described and identified in acceptable terminology. If these tumors are
well known and have been identified in previous publications, extended
descriptions and photomicrographs are unnecessary. Authors of clinical
papers are encouraged to use the TNM staging system approved by the
International Union Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on
Cancer, whenever applicable.

*General.* The composition of all solutions and buffers should be
specified in sufficient detail so that the concentration of each
component can be determined. The word ?saline? should be replaced by
?NaCl solution,? along with the exact concentration. Inexact terms such
as ?physiological saline? or ?phosphate-buffered saline? are not
permitted; exact contents and concentrations should be given.

Decimals are preferred to fractions; the form 0.01, not .01, is required
in text, tables, and illustrations.

Ionic charge should be designated by a superscript immediately following
the chemical symbol, e.g., Mg2+.

*References *

Number references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite
only the number assigned to the reference, not the author. Verify all
references: Authors are responsible for the accuracy of reference data.
/Note: There must be a citation for every reference and a reference for
every citation. Clinical Cancer Research/ reference style follows that
of the /Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical
Journals/, which can be found on the website of the National Library of
Medicine [www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html
<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html>].

Use the Medline journal abbreviations and follow the reference style
shown on the Website noted above, with the following exceptions:

    1) List all authors when there are six or fewer. If there are more
    than six authors, list the first three followed by /et al/.

    2) Do not use a period (full stop) at the end of the journal title
    or abbreviation.

    3) Do not list the issue number or month.

    4) Citations from journals that are published exclusively on-line
    may be included in the reference section. All other websites should
    be included as footnotes on the page where the citation should appear.

    EXAMPLES: Saylors RL III, Sidransky D, Friedman HS, et al.
    Infrequent p53 gene mutations in medulloblastomas. Clinical Cancer
    Res 1995;2:4721?3.

    Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Roop D, Strickland J, Greenhalgh DA. Genes and
    mechanisms involved in malignant conversion. In: Harris CC, Liotta
    LA, editors. Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor
    progression. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p.115?26.

*Journal Articles and Serial Compendia.* The complete title, journal,
volume number, inclusive pages, and year of publication should be given.
Serial compendia, such as /Advances in Cancer Research/ and the /Annual
Review of Biochemistry/, which appear annually in numbered sequence,
should be cited as journals rather than books, thus omitting the names
of publishers and editors. Index Medicus abbreviations should be used
for journals and serial titles (www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html
<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html>).

*Books and Chapter Citations.* Citation of a specific chapter or article
in a book should carry the author(s) of the chapter, its title,
editor(s) of the book, book title, edition, volume, inclusive pages of
the chapter, location and name of the publisher, and year of
publication. For references to complete books, give all of the above
information that is pertinent.

*Papers in Press.* Manuscripts that have been accepted for publication
may be listed among the references with the journal name and tentative
year of publication.

*Unpublished Material.* Papers in preparation or submitted for
publication, unpublished data, and personal communications should be
cited in a footnote, not in the Reference section. The names of all
authors should be given, along with manuscript titles if possible.
Permission must be obtained from persons cited in a personal communication.

*Abbreviations and Acronyms *

Abbreviations and acronyms are in general a hindrance to readers in
fields other than that of the author(s), to abstractors, and to
scientists whose first language is not English. Authors should limit
their use to an absolute minimum. Do not use any but the most common
/standard/ abbreviations. Single words are not to be abbreviated?for
example, melanoma, folate, vincristine. Be especially careful with
abbreviations or acronyms for drugs. Abbreviations are not to be used in
titles, but running titles may carry abbreviations for brevity. All
abbreviations must be explained at first mention unless the term is
better known as an abbreviation (see *Standard and Accepted
Abbreviations <#k>*)

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*8. COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSIONS*

Under U.S. copyright law (PL 94-553), which became effective January 1,
1978, copyright for works is vested in the author from the moment of
creation and remains the property of the author until legally
transferred. Authors who wish to publish articles and other material in
AACR journals must formally transfer copyright to AACR. The copyright
transfer form must be signed by all authors before AACR can proceed with
publication. Appropriate forms for transfer of copyright must be
received with manuscript submissions. Persons requesting a copyright
transfer should either use the form available online (click here for the
*CCR Copyright Transfer Form* PDF
<http://www.aacr.org/Uploads/DocumentRepository/Journals/CCR_Files/ccr_copyright_form.pdf>)
or request a form from the AACR Publications Department. The journal
will not publish a paper unless the form is properly filled out and
signed by all authors.

It is understood in conveying copyright that the authors have not
published this material elsewhere, either whole or in part (except in
abbreviated form as a preliminary communication), and that they have
neither concluded previous negotiations nor initiated pending
negotiations for copyright of this material.

The duly authorized agent of a commercial firm or commissioning
organization must sign our copyright transfer form if the author
prepared the article as part of his or her official duties as an employee.

The federal government has determined that it has a nonexclusive right
to publish or republish material developed from work performed under
federal grant-supported projects. Therefore, copyrights for such works
are subject to this restriction. Since the federal government does not
recognize private copyright for work performed by its employees as part
of their official duties, the journal will accept papers from government
laboratories without copyright transfer, provided that the authors abide
by the same provisions required of other authors and sign the
appropriate section of our copyright transfer form.

 

*Important Notice Regarding the NIH Public Access Policy*

Authors of manuscripts reporting NIH-funded work that are accepted after
May 2, 2005, are granted permission to deposit their unedited and
unformatted manuscripts on the National Library of Medicine?s
PubMedCentral database, should they wish to do so. AACR grants such
permission, without formal request, subject to the following conditions:

    *

      Only the *accepted manuscript* is deposited, not the edited and
      formatted paper as published in the journal.

    *

      Authors stipulate that PubMedCentral may release the paper for
      public access *1 year after its print publication*, not sooner.

    *

      Authors *acknowledge the published source* of the material.

 

*Authors* of articles published in AACR journals are permitted to use
their article or parts of their article in the following ways *without*
requesting permission from the AACR:

   1.

      With appropriate attribution, authors may include parts of their
      article, including figures and tables, in books, reviews, or
      subsequent research articles they write.

   2.

      With appropriate attribution, authors may use parts of their
      article in slide presentations.

   3.

      With appropriate attribution, authors may post a link to the
      published version of their article on their institutional website.

   4.

      With appropriate attribution, an author may submit a copy of their
      article to his or her university in support of his or her doctoral
      thesis.

 

The AACR will routinely allow *third parties* to include select parts of
a copyrighted article in reviews, books, or subsequent papers, provided
that the requesting parties obtain written permission from the AACR
Publications Department. For each requested use of an article, the AACR
Permission Request Form should be completed and returned to the AACR
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permission should use the form available online (click here for the
*Permission Form* Word document
<http://www.aacr.org/Uploads/DocumentRepository/Journals/permissionformrev.doc>).


Requests to reproduce an article in its entirety will be considered on
an individual basis and permission may be granted contingent upon
payment of an appropriate copyright fee. All reproduction requests must
include a brief description of intended use.

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*9. ADVERTISEMENTS*

Advertisement insertion orders and copy must be received approximately 5
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*10. SUBSCRIPTIONS AND BUSINESS INQUIRIES*

/ Clinical Cancer Research / [ISSN 0008-5472 CNREA 8] is published twice
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**

*No responsibility is accepted by the Editors, by the AACR, Inc., or by
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for the content of advertisements. *

For more information, contact the Publications Department, American
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*11. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS*

*Units of Measure*

The Journal abbreviates all units of measurement for physical and
chemical quantities according to standard metric usage. Use the
International System of Units (SI) base units and supplementary units,
but do not use the SI exponential unit prefixes. Use the symbol.
Exponential terminology is discouraged (the term mM is preferable to
10?3 M). If exponentials are absolutely unavoidable in column headings,
the quantity expressed should be preceded, not followed, by the power of
10 by which its value has been multiplied, i.e., 10?3 concentration (M).
This will prevent confusion as to whether the quantity should be
multiplied or divided to obtain the correct value.

*Selected SI Base Units of Measure and Symbols*

See the /CSE Manual/ for additional abbreviations.
A 	Ampere
A 	Angstrom (0.1 nm)
cd 	Candela
Ci 	Curie
g 	Gram
K 	Kelvin
kg 	Kilogram
liter 	Is not abbreviated
m 	Meter
M 	molar
mol 	Mole
um (not u) 	micrometer (not micron)
mM 	millimolar (millimoles/liter)
nm (not mu) 	nanometer (not millimicron)
pm (not uu) 	picometer (not micromicron)
R 	roentgen
rad 	radian
s 	second
sr 	steradian
V 	volt

*Standard Symbols for Substances and Groups*

The following trivial names for buffers may be used without definition:
Aces, Ada, Bes, Bicine, Bistris, Bistris-propane, Caps, Hepes, Hepps
acid, Mes, Mops, Pipes, Taps, Tes, Tricine, Tris.

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*Standard Abbreviations*

Authors may use, without definition, abbreviations of units of measure
when they are used with units (1.5 cm). The following are examples of
standard abbreviations that may be used in the text, without explanation:

 
ABVD* 	Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine
ADP, dADP 	 
AMP, dAMP 	 
AATP, dATP 	 
bp 	base pair(s)
CDP, cCDP 	 
CMP, cCMP 	 
CNBr 	cyanogen bromide
cDNA 	complementary DNA
CoA 	coenzyme A
CTL 	cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CTP, dCTP 	 
cyclic ADP 	adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-diphosphate
cyclic AMP 	adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-monophosphate
DEAE 	diethylaminoethyl
DNA, cDNA 	 
EDTA 	ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EGTA 	ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid
EtOH 	etomidate
GDP, dGDP 	 
GMP, dGMP 	 
GTP, dGTP 	 
HEPES 	4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid or
  	/N/-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-/N/[prime]-2-ethanesulfonic acid
IDP, dIDP 	 
IMP, dIMP 	 
IR 	infrared
ITP, dITP 	 
MOPP 	mechlorethamine, oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone
NAD^+ 	NADH
NADP^+ 	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized form)
NADPH 	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
PBS 	phosphate-buffered saline
PIPES 	1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid
POPOP 	1,4-bis[Isqb]2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)[rsqb]benzene
PPO 	2,5 diphenyloxazole
Pi, Ppi 	orthophosphate, pyrophosphate
R_f 	retardation factor
RFLP 	restriction fragment length polymorphism
RIA 	radioimmunoassay
RKO cells 	 
RNA, aRNA, mRNA, nRNA, tRNA 	 
Rnase, DNase 	 
RPMI 	Roswell Park Memorial Institute
rRNA 	spell out as "Ribosomal RNA" in title only
SD 	standard deviation
SDS 	sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDS-PAGE 	sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEM 	standard error of the mean
SSC 	standard saline-citrate
SV40 	Simian Virus 40
TBS 	Tris-buffered saline
	 
TDP, dTDP 	 
TEAE 	triethylaminoethyl
TMP, dTMP 	 
TTP, dTTP 	 
Tris 	tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
UDP, dUDP 	 
UMP, dump 	 
UTP, dUTP 	 
USP units 	 
USPHS 	United States Public Health Service
UTP 	uridine 5c-triphosphate
UV 	ultraviolet
w/v 	weight per volume
w/w 	weight for weight

* Accepted Abbreviations and Acronyms*

A list of abbreviations and acronyms accepted for use in AACR journals
can be downloaded from the following URL:
www.aacr.org/pdf_files/Accepted_Abbreviations_Acronyms_2004.pdf
<http://www.aacr.org/pdf_files/Accepted_Abbreviations_Acronyms_2004.pdf>

(See IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biomedical Nomenclature for more
information: http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html)

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