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  Instructions for Preparing Your Manuscript

/Revised July 2007/

This document will take you through all the major steps of preparing
your manuscript for submission to the American Physiological Society
Journals, from how best to format and organize the paper itself, to how
to create digital images suitable for print and web publication, to
advice on how to present supplemental data files such as video clips and
long tables.

These instructions pertain to all of the /American Journal of Physiology
/sections, as well as the /Journal of Applied Physiology/, the /Journal
of Neurophysiology/, /Advances in Physiology Education/, and
/Physiological Genomics/. / Physiology <../physiol/physinfo.pdf>/ and /
Physiological Reviews <../prv/prvinfo.htm>/ (both invited only) have
specific instructions that you should review if you are submitting to them.


  Exceptions for the /Journal of Neurophysiology/

The /Journal of Neurophysiology/ departs from usual Journal style in
some areas; specifically regarding keywords <#keywords>, and references
<#references>. These exceptions are marked below with the "JN" icon: ,
and bordered to the left with a bold black line.

*[printer-friendly version <instructions.pdf>]*

    *Main Contents
    *General Information <#general_information>
    Ethical Policies <#ethical_policies>
    Standards <#standards>
    Technical Requirements <#technical_requirements>
    Manuscript Sections <#manuscript_sections>
    Types of Articles <#types_articles>
    Figures <figures/index.htm>
    Tables <#tables>
    Mathematical Equations and Modeling <#mathematics>
    Data Supplements <#data_supplements>



  General Information
  [back to top <#top>]

The American Physiological Society (APS) Journals seek definitive papers
that present the entire contents of a research project. In general, all
data from a group of subjects, animals, or samples should be presented
together in a single paper. If this cannot be done, then the manuscript
should be cross-referenced. Identical subject, animal, and sample
numbers should be used in the different manuscripts to identify their
commonality.

    *Section Contents
    *Peer Review Policy
    <#peer_review>Copyright and Permissions <#copyright>
    Cost of Publication <#cost_of_publication>
    Restrictions on Prepublication
    <#restrictions>Authorship Changes <#authorship_changes>
    Use of Previously Published Illustrations
    <#previously_published>"Submitted" and "Accepted" Dates
    <#submitted_accepted>"Advertisement" Note <#advertisement>


  Peer Review Policy
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

Manuscripts are refereed critically by two or more reviewers. Acceptance
of manuscripts is based on scientific content and presentation of the
material; membership in the Society is not a prerequisite for
publication. The Editor/Associate Editor selects the reviewers,
corresponds with the author, and makes the final decision on the
acceptance or rejection of the manuscript. If a manuscript is submitted
by an Editor of the Journal, another Editor handles that manuscript. The
APS Peer Review office helps ensure confidentiality by blinding user
records in the APS Central <http://www.apscentral.org> system to be used
for this purpose. See also Peer Review and Revision
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/revision.htm>.


  Copyright and Permissions
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

The Mandatory Submission Form serves as the official copyright transfer
form. (Forms customized to your manuscript will become available on
completion of the submission process; check the Home Page of the journal
<../journals/index.htm> you are submitting to for blank forms.) The APS
Journals are copyrighted for the protection of authors and the Society.
The code at the bottom of the first page of an article indicates the
copyright owner's consent that copies of that article may be made beyond
what is permitted by sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law --
unless the copies are for general distribution, for advertising, for
creating new works, or for resale -- provided the per-copy fee is paid
through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. <http://www.copyright.com/>:

    Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
    222 Rosewood Dr.
    Danvers, MA 01923

For information about any of these exceptions or for permission to
reproduce previously published illustrations or tables, write to:

    Penny Ripka
    Publications Office
    American Physiological Society
    9650 Rockville Pike
    Bethesda, MD 20814-3991
    301-634 7243 (fax)
    pripka@the-aps.org <mailto:pripka@the-aps.org>

Include an explicit statement of intended use and detailed specification
of the material to be reproduced.

Important Information about the NIH Public Access Policy and Your
Manuscript <../journals/nihpolicy.htm>


  Cost of Publication
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

*Mandatory Submission Fee*

    *

      There is a one-time Mandatory Submission Fee of $50 for each
      article submitted to most of the APS Journals.

    *

      The Mandatory Submission Fee is waived only for invited authors
      and for those submitting to / Advances in Physiology Education
      <../advan/index.htm>/.

*Page Charges*

    *

      To recover part of publication costs, the APS charges authors of
      research articles $70 per printed page. By signing the Mandatory
      Submission Form, the author agrees to pay page charges once
      his/her paper is published. (Forms customized to your manuscript
      will become available on completion of the submission process;
      check the Home Page of the journal <../journals/index.htm> you are
      submitting to for blank forms.)

    *

      Excessive changes made in proof will be subject to additional
      charges.

    *

      The page charges are waived for invited authors and for those
      publishing in /Physiological Reviews <../prv/index.htm>/,
      /Physiology <../physiol/index.htm>/, and /Advances in Physiology
      Education <../advan/index.htm>/.

*Cost of Color*

Among scholarly publishers, the APS offers one of the most favorable
terms for color figure publication.

    *

      We publish scientifically necessary color figures free of charge
      if the first or the last author is an APS member in good standing
      (this includes student members).

    *

      Nonmembers will be charged the low subsidized rate of $400 per
      color figure.

    *

      Color is free for authors publishing in / Physiological Reviews
      <../prv/index.htm>/ and / Physiology <../physiol/index.htm>/.

    *

      At proof stage, if the author requests a color Iris proof copy of
      his/her figure(s), a service charge of $75 per figure will be
      added to the article publication fees.

*Reprint Services*

The APS provides high quality reprints to its authors.

    *

      Please order reprints when you receive the electronic or mailed
      proof of your article.

    *

      The Reprint Order Form is enclosed in the electronic proof
      package. Please fill it out and send within 48 hours to the
      address indicated on the form. Please note that the articles
      containing color can ONLY be ordered at proof stage.

    *

      If your article has color figures, there is an additional press
      charge of $100 per 100 reprints ordered.

    *

      Toll-free link: at your request, the APS can create a link from
      your online published article to a URL you specify. Readers
      accessing your article from this URL can do so without a
      subscription to the journal. The per-article cost is $150 ($250
      for articles in / Physiological Reviews/) and can be noted on the
      Reprint Order Form. Payment for the link will be added to the
      invoice for publication fees.

    *

      See the current reprint prices
      <Reprint%20Prices%20for%20APS%20Journals.pdf>.

*Author Choice Program for Open Access*

You may now choose to pay a fee ($2000) to make your online article free
immediately (for more information on the APS Author Choice program, see
 http://www.authorchoice.org <http://www.authorchoice.org/>). The
payment form can be found at
http://www.the-aps.org/authorchoice/pdf/form.pdf
<../../authorchoice/pdf/form.pdf>.


  Restrictions on Prepublication
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

Except in reviews and invited editorials, the APS Journals will not
accept submissions in which, other than in abstracts of less than 400
words, a significant portion of the data in the form of figures and/or
tables has been published elsewhere. For the APS guidelines regarding
duplicate and/or prior publication, see the APS Ethical Policies and
Procedures <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/apsethic.htm>.


  *Authorship Changes
  *[back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

Changes to authorship are handled differently depending on when the
error is noticed, i.e., on the stage of publication of the paper.

   1. *After submission but before acceptance*

      If you realize that changes to authorship (e.g., altering the
      order of authorship or adding/removing a name) are needed, please
      follow these steps:

          * Download the Change of Authorship Form
            <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/pub_author_form.pdf>.

          * Have ALL authors sign it.
          * Fax, mail, or e-mail the signed form to the APS Peer Review
            office (301-634-7243)

             
   2. *After publication in Articles in PresS*

      If you have realized that an author's name was misspelled in such
      way as to affect finding the article in PubMed or through other
      searches, notify the Peer Review office so that the article can be
      fixed by amending the Article in PresS edition. Please note: this
      is the ONLY case when Articles in PresS edition will be corrected.
      Follow the steps above when submitting the correction. Other
      authorship corrections can still be made for the final print and
      online editions (see point 3 below).

       

   3. *During production of the final print and online editions*

      Changes to authorship (e.g., altering the order of authorship;
      adding/removing a name; adding or changing an initial) can still
      be made during production. You will need to follow these steps:

          * Download the Change of Authorship Form
            <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/pub_author_form.pdf>.

          * Have ALL authors sign it.
          * Fax, mail, or e-mail the signed form to the Journal
            Editorial Office (301-634-7243).

             
   4. *After the final edition has been published in print and online*

      Any changes to authorship can only be made through a corrigendum
      to the print edition. The online version will have a permanent
      link to the corrigendum. Follow the steps in point 3 when
      submitting the changes.


  Use of Previously Published Illustrations
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

APS Journals do not allow the use of previously published illustrations
in regular research papers. If scientifically appropriate, previously
published illustrations may be included only in reviews, invited
editorials, or other invited papers, and only if permission is obtained
from both the author and the original publisher. Authors are responsible
for obtaining permission letters and must include them with their
accepted manuscript in advance of publication. Authors are also
responsible for providing publication-quality electronic files or laser
prints of the previously published illustrations. These are best
obtained from the original publisher or original author. *Previously
published images downloaded from the Internet are not acceptable for
publication.* See also Special Considerations for Invited Authors
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/invited.htm>.


  "Submitted" and "Accepted" Dates
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

The "submitted" date for a manuscript is the date when the manuscript
was submitted to APS Central <http://www.apscentral.org> online peer
review system. The "accepted" date is the date when the official letter
of acceptance is sent out (usually via e-mail) from the review Editor.


  "Advertisement" Note
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

The APS is required by US Postal regulations to affix the following note
on the title page of all articles for which page charges are assessed:
"The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the
payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked
'advertisement' in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to
indicate this fact."


  Ethical Policies
  [back to top <#top>]

    *Section Contents
    *Ethical Policies and Procedures <#apsethic>
    Use of Humans and/or Animals in Experiments <#humans_animals>
    Fetal Tissue Research Policy <#fetal_tissue>
    Conflict of Interest <#conflict_interest>
    *see also:* Cell Lines and Reagents <#cell_lines>


  Ethical Policies and Procedures
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#ethical_policies>]

[printer-friendly PDF <../APSEthicalPolicies.pdf>]

*Authorship*

The Editors of the journals of the American Physiological Society (APS)
expect each author to have made an important scientific contribution to
the study and to be thoroughly familiar with the original data. The
Editors also expect each author to have read the complete manuscript and
to take responsibility for the content and completeness of the
manuscript and to understand that if the paper, or part of the paper, is
found to be faulty or fraudulent, that he/she shares responsibility with
his/her coauthors. The Mandatory Submission Form, which is published in
the journals, should be signed by each author. In cases in which
obtaining a signature from each author would delay publication, the
corresponding author?s signature is sufficient provided that the
corresponding author understands that he or she signs on behalf of the
other authors who have not signed the form. An author?s name can be
removed only at his/her request, but all coauthors must sign a change of
authorship agreement for any change in authorship (additions, removals,
or change of order) to be made.

*Author Conflict of Interest  *

Authors of research and other articles are required at the time of
submission to disclose to the APS Publications Office any potential
conflict of interest (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity
interests, patent-licensing arrangements) and that they accept full
responsibility for the conduct of the study, had full access to all the
data, and controlled the decision to publish. Failure to do so may
jeopardize eventual publication. If disclosures are to be made, the
author(s) will be asked to fill out a Conflict of Interest Disclosure
form. The information provided in the form, unless already disclosed in
the submitted article, will be held in confidence while the paper is
under review. If the article is accepted for publication, information on
the potential conflict of interest -- including a lack of control of the
decision to publish -- will be included in the Disclosures section,
following the Acknowledgments section.

*Editor and Reviewer Conflict of Interest*

Editors and Reviewers should avoid making decisions on papers for which
they may have a personal or financial conflict of interest. Reviewers
who are collaborating with the author, or who are working on very
similar research, should recuse themselves from reviewing a paper for
which they have a conflict. An Editor in Chief should have a Consulting
Editor or Associate Editor make a decision on a paper for which he or
she has a conflict. When an Editor in Chief submits a paper to his or
her journal, the paper is automatically assigned to a Guest Editor, a
Consulting Editor, or an Associate Editor, who will handle all aspects
of the peer review of the paper. The reviews are handled outside the
web-based peer review system, so that the Editor in Chief will not have
access to them.

*Duplicate Publication, Plagiarism, Falsification*

The journals of the APS accept only papers that are original work, no
part of which has been submitted for publication elsewhere except as
brief abstracts. When submitting a paper, the corresponding author
should include copies of related manuscripts submitted or in press
elsewhere. Taking material from another?s work and submitting it as
one?s own is considered plagiarism. Taking material (including tables,
figures, and data; or extended text passages), from the author?s own
prior publications is considered redundant publication or
self-plagiarism, and is not permitted. Fabricating a report of research
or suppressing or altering data to agree with one?s conclusions is
considered fraud. This includes altering figures in such a way as to
obscure, move, remove, or introduce information or features.

*Prior Publication*

Material published by the author before submission in the following
categories is considered prior publication: 1) articles published in any
journal; 2) articles, book chapters, and long abstracts containing
original data in figures and tables, especially in proceedings
publications; 3) widely circulated, copyrighted, or archival reports,
such as the technical reports of IBM, the preliminary reports of MIT,
the institute reports of the US Army, or the internal reports of NASA.

Doctoral dissertations that are made available by UMI/Proquest or
institutional repositories are not considered prior publication. Data
portions of submitted papers that have appeared on an author?s web site
will be permitted, with the proviso that the author inform the Editor at
the time of the submission that such material exists so that the Editor
can determine the suitability of such material for publication. Failure
to do so will result in an automatic rejection of the manuscript.
Examples of such work include, but are not limited to,
immunofluorescence micrographs and/or animated gif/video files posted on
a web site, or NIH-mandated posting of DNA microarray data. After the
article is published in a journal of the American Physiological Society,
the data should be removed from the author?s web site.

Authors with concerns about possible prior publication that does not
fall clearly into one of these categories should contact the Director of
Publications and forward the material for examination.

*Experiments Involving Animals or Humans*

Authors using humans, animals, or fetal tissue in their experiments
should refer to APS?s policies on those subjects. Links to these
policies can be found at
http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/policies.htm <policies.htm>.

*Ethical Procedure*

APS reviewers have a responsibility to report suspected duplicate
publication, fraud, plagiarism, or concerns about animal or human
experimentation to the Editor. A reviewer may recognize and report that
he/she is refereeing, or has recently refereed, a similar or identical
paper for another journal by the same author(s). Readers may report that
they have seen the same article elsewhere, or authors may see their own
published work being plagiarized. In all cases the first action of the
journal Editor is to inform the Publications Committee Chair through the
Director of Publications by supplying copies of 1) the relevant material
and 2) a draft letter to the corresponding author asking for an
explanation in a nonjudgmental manner. The Publications Committee Chair
must approve any correspondence with the author before it is sent to the
author. If the author?s explanation is unacceptable and it seems that
serious unethical conduct has taken place, the matter is referred to the
Publications Committee. After deliberation, a decision is made whether
the case is serious enough to warrant a ban on future submissions and/or
if the offending author?s institution should be informed. The decision
has to be approved by the Executive Cabinet of the APS Council, and the
author has the right to appeal a sanction, with the opportunity to
present his/her position, to the Publications Committee and the full APS
Council.

If the infraction is less severe, the Editor, upon the advice of the
Publications Chair, sends the author a letter of reprimand and reminds
the author of APS publication policies; if the manuscript has been
published, the Editor may require the author to publish an apology in
the journal to correct the record. If, through the author?s actions, APS
has violated the copyright of another journal, the Publications Chair
writes a letter of apology to the other journal.

In serious cases of fraud that result in retraction of the article, a
retraction notice will be published in the journal and will be linked to
the article in the online version. The online version will also be
marked ?retracted? with the retraction date.


  Use of Humans and/or Animals in Experiments
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#ethical_policies>]

The research described in papers submitted to any of the APS
publications that involve the use of human beings, including healthy
volunteers, must adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki
<../journals/guide.htm#helsinki> as well as to Title 45, U.S. Code of
Federal Regulations, Part 46, Protection of Human Subjects, Revised
November 13, 2001, effective December 13, 2001
<http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm>. Research
involving animals must adhere to APS?s Guiding Principles in the Care
and Use of Animals
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/guide.htm#animals>. APS
insists that all investigations involving humans or animals reported in
its publications be conducted in conformity with these principles, and
that a statement of protocol approval from an IRB or IACUC or equivalent
is included in the methods section of the paper. In describing surgical
procedures, the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent should be
specified. Curarizing agents are not anesthetics; if these were used,
evidence must be provided that anesthesia of suitable grade and duration
was employed. Manuscripts reporting the results of experiments on human
subjects, including healthy volunteers, must include a statement that
informed consent was obtained. Editors/Associate Editors are expected to
refuse papers in which evidence of the adherence to these principles is
not apparent. They reserve the right to judge the appropriateness of the
use of animals and humans in experiments published in the journals.
Differences of opinion will be adjudicated by the Publications Committee.

Registering of clinical trials is a requirement for peer review and
publication for any study that uses clinical trials. There must be a
statement in the Methods section that states where the clinical trial
was registered (for example, see the registration site
<http://www.clinicaltrials.gov> sponsored by the United States National
Library of Medicine).


  Fetal Tissue Research Policy
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#ethical_policies>]

The American Physiological Society publications require all papers
submitted to any of the APS Journals and involving the use of human
fetuses, fetal tissue, embryos, and embryonic cells to adhere to the US
Public Law 103-41, effective December 13, 2001. Please read the APS
Policy Regarding Publication of Research on Human Fetuses, Fetal Tissue,
Embryos, and Embryonic Cells <../journals/fetal_tissue_policy.htm> and
the criteria that must be met by all researchers submitting their work
to the APS Journals.


  Conflict of Interest
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#general_information>]

Authors of research and other articles are required at the time of
submission to disclose to the APS Publications Office any potential
conflict of interest (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity
interests, patent-licensing arrangements, lack of access to data, or
lack of control of the decision to publish). In such cases, the
author(s) will be asked to fill out a Conflict of Interest Disclosure
form. The information provided in the form, unless already disclosed in
the submitted article, will be held in confidence while the paper is
under review. If the article is accepted for publication, information on
the potential conflict of interest -- including a lack of control of the
decision to publish -- will be included in the Disclosures <#disclosure>
section, following the Acknowledgments <#acknowledgements> section.


  Standards
  [back to top <#top>]

All authors of articles submitted to APS journals should submit their
relevant data to all appropriate data repositories, such as the National
Center for Biotechnology Information <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/>
(NCBI) and the European Bioinformatics Institute <http://www.ebi.ac.uk/>
(EBI).

    *Section Contents
    *MIAME Standard for Microarray Data <#miame_standard>
    HUGO Gene Nomenclature <#hugo_gene_nomenclature>


  MIAME Standard for Microarray Data
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#standards>]

The American Physiological Society has adopted the microarray data
standard developed by the Microarray Gene Expression Data society
<http://www.mged.org> (MGED) and requests that all authors using
microarray data analysis in their research submit a complete data set to
one of three databases prior to manuscripts submission: the NCBI Gene
Expression Omnibus (GEO) <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/geo>; the
EMBL-EBI ArrayExpress repository <http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress>; or
the Center for Information Biology Gene Expression (CIBEX) database
<http://cibex.nig.ac.jp/index.jsp>.

*Rationale*

Within a short time span, microarrays have become an important, commonly
used tool in molecular genetics and physiology research. For microarray
analysis of gene expression to have any long-term impact, it is crucial
that the issue of reproducibility be adequately addressed. In addition,
since microarray analytic standards are certain to change, it is crucial
that authors identify the nature of the experimental conditions
prevalent at the time of their research. If today?s research is to be
relevant tomorrow, the core elements that are immune to obsolescence
must be made clear. The APS Journals are adopting the MIAME standards to
ensure that what is cutting edge today is not obsolete few years later.

The outline below indicates the general nature of the information we
expect you to provide, but we request that you follow the specific
guidelines provided at the MGED <http://www.mged.org> web site.

*Summary of requested information*

    *

      Experimental design detailing the parameters of the microarray
      hybridization experiment including the number of hybridizations,
      whether dye switching was utilized, and the use of any reference
      samples.

    *

      Details of the samples including the tissue from which nucleic
      acids were extracted, the materials and methods used for
      extraction, and the labeling protocol.

    *

      Hybridization procedures.

    *

      Measurement data and specifications in the form of tab-delimited
      tables or Excel spreadsheets. As summarized in the published
      guidelines to the format, ?The first could contain the ?raw?
      output of the image analysis software (spot quantitation matrix),
      the second could contain the ?processed? data following
      normalization and transformation (gene expression data matrix),
      and if one is produced, the final table could contain ?summary?
      data that was ultimately used in the analysis, such as the subset
      of differentially expressed genes identified or gene clusters.?

    *

      Array design including complete details of the location and
      identification of each feature on the array, whether commercial or
      noncommercial, information on the design of the array, and the
      spotting protocols.

*How to ensure compliance with the MIAME standard*

    *

      On the MGED <http://www.mged.org> website, read the pertinent
      information and follow the guidelines provided before preparing
      your  microarray information for deposit.

    *

      Deposit your microarray data in the GEO
      <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/> data base, following the
      required guidelines.

    *

      Provide the accession numbers for your GEO-deposited data in the
      Methods section of your paper to make it available during the peer
      review of your submitted paper.

    *

      Also, provide the set of login credentials (username and password)
      that will let referees access the data set during review, if it is
      set up as a private resource.


  HUGO Gene Nomenclature
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#ethical_policies>]

In accordance with the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), the APS
requests that authors obtain approval for new human and mouse gene
symbols by contacting either the HGNC for human genes (e-mail:
hgnc@genenames.org <mailto:hgnc@genenames.org>) or Mouse Genomic
Nomenclature Committee (MGNC) for mouse genes (e-mail:
nomen@informatics.jax.org <mailto:nomen@informatics.jax.org>).
Additional information on gene nomenclature guidelines is available from
the HGNC website <http://www.genenames.org>.


  Technical Requirements
  [back to top <#top>]

    *Section Contents
    *File Formats for Online Submission and Print <#file_format>
    Organization of the Manuscript <#organization>
    Abbreviations, Symbols and Terminology <#abbreviations>
    Special Symbols <#special_symbols>
    Spelling and Compounding <#spelling>
    Citing Unpublished Observations and Personal Communications
    <#personal_communications>
    Drugs, Chemicals and Trade Names <#drugs>
    Cell Lines and Reagents <#cell_lines>
    Unique Material and Data Banks <#unique_materials>


  File Formats for Online Submission and Print
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

Please submit a Microsoft Word (.doc) file or a Rich Text Format (.rtf)
file to APS Central <http://www.apscentral.org>. Separate files must be
submitted for all discrete elements of the manuscript [e.g., separate
files for each figure and table, a separate file for the complete text
of the manuscript (including abstract, all main text, bibliography,
figure legends and table legends, etc.)].

The APS Central system will concatenate the various files into a single
document for review. If the paper is accepted, the separate files will
be moved forward into the final print production process.


  Organization of the Manuscript
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

APS no longer requires a hard copy printout of the article text.
However, to ensure uniformity, please follow the checklist below.

    *

      The manuscript must be double-spaced with wide margins in an 8.5 x
      11-in. document.

    *

      The pages should be numbered in the upper right-hand corner
      (beginning with the first page of text). All sections should begin
      on separate pages, arranged as follows:

         1.

            title page <#title_page>

         2.

            abstract <#abstract> and keywords <#keywords>

         3.

            main text (introduction; Materials and/or Methods, or
            Experimental Procedures; Results; Discussion, with conclusions)

         4.

            text footnotes <#footnotes>

         5.

            acknowledgments <#acknowledgements>

         6.

            references <#references>

         7.

            figure legends

         8.

            tables <#tables>

    *

      Be sure the text is clear and concise, conforming to accepted
      standards of American English style and usage. Avoid jargon,
      clichés, and laboratory slang.

    *

      See Manuscript Sections <#manuscript_sections> for further
      description.


  Abbreviations, Symbols, and Terminology
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

All abbreviations must be explicitly defined at first usage. However,
internationally accepted biochemical abbreviations such as ADP, NADH,
and P_i do not need to be defined; please consult the list of accepted
abbreviations <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/abbrv.pdf>.
Other abbreviations need only be defined at first mention. For word
usage, symbols, etc., authors are referred to / Scientific Style and
Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers/ (6th ed.,
1994). For chemical and biochemical terms and abbreviations, consult the
recommendations of the /IUPAC-IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical
Nomenclature/. Isotope specification must conform to the IUPAC system.
Authors are referred to the following articles for style in specialized
fields: "Glossary on respiration and gas exchange" (/J Appl Physiol/ 34:
549-558, 1973); and "Glossary of terms for thermal physiology" (/J Appl
Physiol/ 35: 941-961, 1973).


  Special Symbols
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

For special characters not available on the standard 104-key keyboard
(e.g., Greek characters, mathematical symbols, figure symbols), *use the
Symbol font or use the "Insert Symbol" function in Microsoft Word; /do
not/ use Math font or image files (e.g., GIF) within the text for
special characters or text constructions*. Please also note that we
cannot process files prepared in LaTex.


  Spelling and Compounding
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

Authors should consult /Webster's Third New International Dictionary or
Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary/, 11th edition, for spelling and
compounding. The APS Journals follow American English rules for spelling.


  Citing Unpublished Observations and Personal Communications
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

Citations of submitted papers still in preparation, in peer review, or
of other unpublished materials cannot be included in the reference list,
which may only contain published work. Such citations can, however, be
provided in parentheses in text as unpublished observations (e.g., "J.
M. K. Smith, unpublished observation").

The APS Journals discourage the use of personal communications. However,
if they are used, the author(s) must have in their file a letter
granting permission from the communicant and stating that the person
whose opinion is cited has seen and approved the actual wording of the
citation. If requested, the author will send the letter to the APS
Publications office.

For both unpublished observations and personal communications provide
the cited person's last name and all initials.


  Drugs, Chemicals, and Trade Names
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

Proprietary (trademarked) names should be capitalized, with the spelling
carefully checked. The chemical or generic name should be lowercase and
precede the trade name or abbreviation of a drug the first time it appears.


  Cell Lines and Reagents
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

The source of cells utilized (species, sex, strain, race, age of donor,
whether primary or established) should be clearly indicated. The source
of reagents should be stated (name, city, and state within parentheses)
when first cited. If tests to rule out the presence of mycoplasmal
contamination were not performed, this fact should be clearly stated.
Other data relating to unique biological, biochemical, and/or
immunological markers should also be included if available, with their
source identified. Publication of results is based on the principle that
results must be independently verifiable. Authors are expected to make
unique reagents available to qualified investigators either directly or
through a recognized distributor. See also Unique Materials and Data
Banks <#unique_materials> and Ethical Policies and Standards
<#ethical_policies> for other requirements.


  Unique Materials and Data Banks
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#technical_requirements>]

Work published in the APS Journals must necessarily be independently
verifiable. Authors describing results derived from the use of
antibodies, recombinant plasmids and cloned DNAs, mutant cell lines or
viruses, and other similarly unique materials are expected to make such
materials available to qualified investigators on request. Authors
should also submit published nucleic acid/amino acid sequences to a
widely accessible data bank. Sequence data for the United Protein
Database (UniProt) should be submitted directly to UniProt using SPIN
<http://www.pir.uniprot.org/>, a new web-based tool for submitting
protein sequences. Also, for other special types of submissions (e.g.,
genomes, bulk submissions), additional submission protocols are
available from the following organizations:

    * *DDBJ <http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/>:* Center for Information
      Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan.
      National Institute of Genetics
      1111 Yata
      Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540
      Japan
      Tel: +81 559 81 6853
      Fax: +81 559 81 6849
      ddbj@ddbj.nig.ac.jp <mailto:ddbj@ddbj.nig.ac.jp>
       
    * *EMBL <http://www.ebi.ac.uk>:* EMBL Nucleotide Sequence
      Submissions, European Bioinformatics Institute
      Wellcome Trust Genome Campus
      Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD
      UK
      Tel: +44 1223 494444
      Fax: +44 1223 494468
      datasubs@ebi.ac.uk <mailto:datasubs@ebi.ac.uk>
    * *GenBank <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>:* National Center for
      Biotechnology Information
      National Library of Medicine
      Bldg. 38A, Rm. 8N-803
      Bethesda, MD 20894
      Tel: 301-496-2475
      Fax 301-480-9241
      info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov <mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>

See also MIAME Standards for Microarray Data <#miame_standard> and Data
Supplements <#data_supplements>.


  Manuscript Sections
  [back to top <#top>]

    *Section Contents
    *Title Page <#title_page>
    Abstract <#abstract>
    Keywords <#keywords>
    Introduction <#introduction>
    Materials and Methods <#materials_methods>
    Results <#results>
    Discussion <#discussion>
    Acknowledgements <#acknowledgements>
    Grants <#grants>
    Disclosures <#disclosure>
    References <#references>
    Footnotes <#footnotes>


  Title Page
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

All submissions must contain a title page, however brief the article may
be. The title page must contain the title of the article; author(s)
name(s); all departments and institutions in which the work was done; an
abbreviated title for the running head; and the name, e-mail, and
address for correspondence.

*Title*

Make the title succinct and informative. Avoid unnecessary words like
"Studies in....". The title must not exceed 160 characters, including
spaces between words.

*Authors*

List all authors' names and their first names or initials exactly as
they should be known, *in the order of importance of their contribution
to the study*. Do not include any specific titles (e.g., PhD, MD, and
Prof. are not needed). "Group authorship" is allowed, with the name of a
group (such as a consortium or program) to be listed as an author, with
members of the group listed in the Acknowledgements section; however,
the Program Director of the named group must be the one who signs for
the group when the group's "author" signature is needed, i.e., on a
Mandatory Submission form or a Change of Authorship form.

See Authorship Changes <#authorship_changes> for more information.

*Affiliation*

List all departments and institutions in which the work was done, with
city and state or country. Identify each author's affiliation by
superscript numbers matched to the appropriate institution. Affiliation
must reflect the organization(s) supporting the author(s) /while the
research was done/. This may differ from the /current/ affiliations of
the author(s), which will be listed in such cases in the Acknowledgment
<#acknowledgements> section as the present address(es) of the author(s).

*Running head*

The running head is an abbreviated version of the title, which will
appear at the top of every page subsequent to the first page. Running
heads must not exceed 55 characters including spaces between words.

*Contact information*

A full address for correspondence must be included, * with a current,
valid e-mail address *for the corresponding author. This address will be
published on the title page. Please note that a valid e-mail address is
essential to participate in the APS electronic proofing service called
"_Rapid Proof._" Also, provide your phone and fax numbers for use while
your article is in production. If the contact information to be used
during production differs from that to be included in the final article,
indicate this explicitly. To contact APS during the submission and peer
review and/or during production after acceptance, go to the APS website
(www.the-aps.org <http://www.the-aps.org>) and choose the appropriate
Journal's web page <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/index.htm>.


  Abstract
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

An informative one-paragraph abstract of not more than 250 words must
accompany each manuscript. Note that longer abstracts are usually cut
off at the end when displayed on Medline. It must state concisely what
was done and why (including species and state of anesthesia), what was
found (in terms of data, if space allows), and what was concluded.


  Keywords
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Include three to five words or short phrases, relevant to the article,
that do not appear in the title or running head. These should be
included on the same page as the abstract.

    Authors submitting to the /Journal of Neurophysiology /are not
    required to provide keywords.


  Introduction
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Provide a brief overview of the scope and relevance of the study,
especially with regard to previous advancements in related fields.


  Materials and Methods
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

(Sometimes called "Experimental Procedures"). Describe techniques,
cell/animal models used, and lists of reagents, chemicals, and
equipment, as well as the names of manufacturers and suppliers, so that
your study can be most easily replicated by others. Also in this
section, describe the statistical methods that were used to evaluate the
data. If your research involved the use of microarrays, see /MIAME
Standard for Microarray Data <#miame_standard>/ and insert in this
section the URL pointing to your microarray data. If clinical trials
were used, a statement of registration is required; also, for all
investigations involving humans or animals, a statement of protocol
approval from an IRB or IACUC, or an equivalent statement, must be
included (see Use of Humans and/or Animals in Experiments
<#humans_animals>).

See Abbreviations, Symbols, and Terminology <#abbreviations> for style
information.


  Results
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Provide the experimental data and results as well as the particular
statistical significance of the data.

Regarding the use of statistics, including reporting standard error (SE)
and standard deviation (SD) values, an Editorial ("Guidelines for
reporting statistics in journals published by the American Physiological
Society") was published in all August 2004 issues of the APS Journals.
The Editorial is freely available (see, for example,
http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/249
<http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/249>), and
the authors are encouraged to consult it.


  Discussion
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

(Sometimes combined with the results in a section called "Results and
Discussion"). Explain your interpretation of the data, especially
compared with previously published material cited in the References.


  Acknowledgements
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

List the people indirectly involved with the research to whom you may
wish to give thanks. Also, current addresses of authors (if they differ
from those in the affiliation line) should be included here.

Do not include "promissory notes." APS Journal policy is against
inclusion of implicit or explicit promises that future work will be
published.

Do not include dedications.* *Dedications of articles are not permitted.


  Grants
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

List the grants, fellowships, and donations that funded (partially or
completely) the research. However, industry-sponsored grants should be
listed under Disclosures <#disclosure>.


  Disclosures
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Authors of research articles are required at the time of submission to
disclose to the APS Publications Office any potential conflict of
interest (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interests,
patent-licensing arrangements, lack of access to data, or lack of
control of the decision to publish). In such cases, the author(s) will
be asked to fill out a Conflict of Interest Disclosure form. The
information provided in the form, unless already disclosed in the
submitted article, will be held in confidence while the paper is under
review. If the article is accepted for publication, information on the
potential conflict of interest?including a lack of control of the
decision to publish?will be included in the Disclosures section,
following the Acknowledgments <#acknowledgements> section. The
Disclosures section will also include acknowledgments of
industry-sponsored grants that supported the research.


  References
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Authors are responsible for accuracy of citations. References must be
limited to directly pertinent *published* works or papers that have been
*accepted for publication*. An abstract, properly identified as
"Abstract", may be cited only when it is the sole source.

References should be double-spaced, arranged alphabetically by author,
and numbered serially. The reference number should be placed in
parentheses at the appropriate place in the text.

*Important Note:* The reference list should not include citations of
submitted papers still in preparation, in peer review, or other
unpublished materials. Such information may be provided in parentheses
in the text as "personal communication" <#personal_communications> or
"unpublished observations" <#personal_communications> (e.g., "J. M. K.
Smith, unpublished observation"). 

The APS Journals discourage the use of "personal communications."
However, if they are used, the author(s) must have in their file a
letter granting permission from the communicant and send it to the APS
Publications Office if requested. 

For both unpublished observations and personal communications, provide
the cited person's last name and all initials.

    References for the /Journal of Neurophysiology/ should be
    double-spaced and arranged alphabetically by author. The appropriate
    author name and year for each reference should be included in
    parentheses at the proper point in the text using the following style: 

        *

          one author (Brown 1982)

        *

          two authors (Brown and Smith 1982)

        *

          three or more authors (Brown et al. 1982). 

    If more than two references are cited by different authors, separate
    entries with a semicolon (Brown 1982; Smith 1983). If more than two
    references are cited by the same first author (or single author),
    use "et al." where appropriate plus the date, even if the subsequent
    authors are not the same in all the references (Brown et al. 1982,
    1983, 1986-1988). Note the use of commas between two consecutive
    years or nonconsecutive years and dashes for ranges (Brown et al.
    1982, 1983, 1986-1988). If more than two references with the same
    year and author(s) are cited, use lowercase letters after the year
    (Brown 1982a,b). Lowercase letters will be inserted in same-year
    references in the reference list.

    Although the / Journal of Neurophysiology/ does not require that the
    reference list be numbered, the  examples given below are shown with
    numbers because that is the style for most APS Journals. In all
    other respects, the reference style used in the example below is the
    same across all journals.

The style of citation should be as follows, with journal name
abbreviated as in Medline, PubMed, and Index Medicus. APS offers a
selection of output styles available for a variety of citation
management software
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/styles.htm>.

    *Examples
    *Journal Articles <#journal_articles>
    Book References <#book_references>
    APS /Handbook of Physiology /Series <#aps_handbook>
    Articles Published on the Web <#web>
    DOIs and Early Publication in Articles in PresS <#dois>
    Technical Documents, Congress Proceedings, etc. <#technical_documents>
    Corrigenda/Errata <#corrigenda>
    Translations <#translations>
    Many Authors <#many_authors>
    Unpublished Observations or Personal Communications
    <#unpublished_observations>

*Journal Articles
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

1. *Villalobos AR, Parmelee JT, Renfro JL.* Choline uptake across the
ventricular membrane of neonate rat choroid plexus. /Am J Physiol Cell
Physiol/ 276: C1288-C1296, 1999.

*Book References
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

1. *Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA,
Struhl K.* /Current Protocols in Molecular Biology/. New York: Wiley,
1995, p. 25-26.

2. *Pollock DM.* Endothelin receptor subtypes and tissue distribution.
In: /Endothelin Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Pathology/, edited by
Highsmith RF. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1998.

*APS /Handbook of Physiology/ Series
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

Large text books require very specific citation information. For
example, the APS /Handbooks/ series contains a huge amount of
information, and the inclusion in the citation of the section, volume,
part, and chapter is essential to aid the reader in finding the
information quickly (please note that the APS chooses not to list
editors for the APS /Handbooks/).

1.   *Kaufman MP, Forster HV.* Reflexes controlling circulatory,
ventilatory, and airway responses to exercise. In: /Handbook of
Physiology. Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems.
Control of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems./ Bethesda, MD: Am.
Physiol. Soc., 1996, sect. 12, pt. II, chapt. 10, p. 381-447.

*Articles Published on the Web
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

Many more reports than in past years are being published primarily, if
not exclusively, on the World Wide Web. Such articles should be cited in
the "online" style as shown below.

_Format:
_Author/editor (if known). (Revision or copyright date, if available).
Title of page [Publication medium]. Page publisher. URL
(Protocol://Site/Path/File) [Access date].

1.* Dudoit S, Yang YH, Callow MJ, Speed TJ.* Statistical methods for
identifying differentially expressed genes in replicated cDNA microarray
experiments [Online]. Dept. of Statistics, Univ. of California at
Berkeley. http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/terry/zarray/Html/matt.html
[3 Sept. 2000].

2. *Friedman N, Linial M, Nachman I, Pe?er D.* Using Bayesian networks
to analyze expression data [Online]. Stanford University.
http://robotics.stanford.edu/people/nir/Abstracts/FLNP1Full.html [2000].

Note that the date may be general or specific, to the day.

Some citations may have portions published in print and other relevant
portions deposited online. However, if directions to the online portions
are available in the printed work, this sort of citation should be avoided.

1. *Joachims T.* Making large-scale SVM learning practical. In:
/Advances in Kernel Methods: Support Vector Learning,/ edited by
Schölkopf B, Burges C, and Smola A. MIT Press, 1999. [The software is
available at
http://www-ai.cs.uni-dortmund.de/SOFTWARE/SVM_LIGHT/svm_light.eng.html]

 2. *Spellman PT, Sherlock G, Zhang MQ, Iyer VR, Anders K, Eisen MB,
Brown PO, Botstein D, Futcher B.* Comprehensive identification of cell
cycle-regulated genes of the yeast /Saccharomyces cerevisiae/ by
microarray hybridization. /Mol Biol Cell/ 9: 3273?3297, 1998. [The data
are available at http://cellcycle-www.stanford.edu]

*DOIs and Early Publication in Articles in PresS <../articles_in_press.htm>
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

Current technology allows publication of an article in several editions.
For example, the final, citable draft of an accepted article may be
posted to a web site, pending final copyediting and page layout/design.
This initial post to the web qualifies as publication, but eventually
the article will reach the readership in a final, polished form.

The APS publishes peer-reviewed articles upon acceptance as Articles in
PresS <../articles_in_press.htm>. These articles may be cited and
establish publication's priority before they appear in final print and
online forms. (Please note the required use of a "digital object
identifier" -- DOI -- in this citation.)

1. *Scarafia LE, Winter A, Swinney DC.* Quantitative expression analysis
of the cellular specificity of HECT-domain ubiquitin E3 ligases.
/Physiol Genomics/ (April 26, 2001). doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00075.2001.

However, once this article has reached its final stage of publication,
it will be cited with is new publication data, as follows:

1. *Scarafia LE, Winter A, Swinney DC.* Quantitative expression analysis
of the cellular specificity of HECT-domain ubiquitin E3 ligases.
/Physiol Genomics/ 4: 147-153, 2001. First published April 26, 2001;
doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00075.2001.

*Technical Documents, Congress Proceedings, etc.
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

Technical documents, congress proceedings, and some other sorts of
material may often be published by the specific institution that
sponsored the research.

1. *Efron R, Tibshirani B, Goss V, Chu G.* / Microarrays and Their Use
in a Comparative Experiment/ (Technical Report). Palo Alto, CA:
Department of Statistics, Stanford University, 2000.

*Corrigenda/Errata
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

If an article required a correction, after first publication, this
should be noted in the citation of the original article.

1. *Hallows KR, Packman CH, Knauf PA.* Acute cell volume changes in
anisotonic media affect F-actin content of HL-60 cells. / Am J Physiol
Cell Physiol/ 261: C1154--C1161, 1991. (Corrigendum. /Am J Physiol/
/Cell Physiol/ 268: March 1995, following table of contents)

2. *Steenman M, Chen YW, Le Cunff M, Lamirault G, Varró A, Hoffman E,
Léger JJ.* Transcriptomal analysis of failing and nonfailing human
hearts. /Physiol Genomics/ 12: 97--112, 2003. First published November
12, 2002; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00148.2002. (Corrigendum. /Physiol
Genomics/ 18:128, 2004)

*Translations
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

1. *Gavrilov KA, Perel TS.* Earthworms and other invertebrates in the
soil under...[in Russian]. /Pochovedenia/ 8: 133-140, 1958.

2. *Gavrilov KA, Perel TS.* Earthworms and other invertebrates in the
soil under...[in Russian, English summary]. / Pochovedenia/ 8: 133-140,
1958.

3. *Fritsch G, Hitzig E.* Uber die Elektrische. In: /Some Papers on the
Cerebral Cortex/, translated and edited by von Bomin G. Springfield, IL:
Thomas, 1960, p. 73-96.

4. *Vol'Kensktein MV*. Molecules and Life: An Introduction to Molecular
Biology. New York: Plenum, 1970. [Transl. from the Russian.]

*Many Authors
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

It is APS Publications policy to list /all/ authors in a research group.
That is, the use of only the first author's name, followed by "et al."
is unacceptable.

1. *Lander ES et al. *Initial sequencing and analysis of the human
genome. /Nature/ 409: 860?921, 2001.

should read:

1. *Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon
K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A,
Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim
J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M,
Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann N, Stojanovic N,
Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S,
Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P,
Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T,
Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S,
Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S,
Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER,
Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC,
Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS,
Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P,
Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas
S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE,
Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML,
Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama
A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y,
Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P,
Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L,
Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M,
Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J,
Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP,
Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson
MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA,
Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H,
Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blocker H,
Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A,
Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC,
Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS,
Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H,
Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S,
Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM,
McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP,
Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowski J,
Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams
A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J,
Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, Szustakowki J, de
Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ.* Initial
sequencing and analysis of the human genome. /Nature/ 409: 860?921, 2001.

However, if there is an inclusive name for the research group as a whole
(as in the case above, the " International Human Genome Sequencing
Consortium"), it should be used rather than listing hundreds of authors.

So, for example, it is correct to cite:

1. *International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. *Initial
sequencing and analysis of the human genome. /Nature/ 409: 860?921, 2001.

*Unpublished Observations or Personal Communications
*[back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>] [back to example list
<#ref_examples>]

Do NOT include such citations in the Reference list (see Important Note
<#important_note> above for more information). Place instead in
parentheses in the body of the article where it logically belongs,
following the format below. Make sure to include all initials and, for
personal communications, obtain a signed letter of permission from the
person(s) cited.

    (ABC Jones and Z Smith, personal communication)

    (J Jones, unpublished observations)

    Consult recent issues of the APS Journals for more examples.


  Footnotes
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#manuscript_sections>]

Text footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout. They should
be printed double-spaced and assembled on a separate page of the
manuscript printout.


  Types of Articles
  [back to top <#top>]

The APS Journals publish a variety of article types in addition to the
regular research papers. For descriptions of the types of articles
published in a particular journal, go to that journal's home page
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/index.htm>. A full list of
article types is also available on the Mandatory Submission Form, which
is made available at APS Central <http://www.apscentral.org> during
submission to the Journal of your interest.

If your research paper is submitted in response to a Call for Papers,
please make sure to mark it as such during submission to APS Central
<http://www.apscentral.org>.


  Figures
  [more info <figures/index.htm>] [back to top <#top>]


  Tables
  [back to top <#top>]

Whenever possible, authors are encouraged to submit figures rather than
tables. Statistical summary tables should be submitted when possible,
rather than tables with many lines of individual values. Lengthy tables
of data, on the Editor's recommendation and with the approval of the
author, will be deposited by the APS Publications (see Data Supplements
<#data_supplements>).

    *

      Examples of one-
      <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/table_examples.htm#1col>
      and two-column
      <http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/table_examples.htm#2col>
      tables.

Submitted tables should adhere to the following guidelines:

    *

      Each table should appear on a separate page of the manuscript.

    *

      Tables must not duplicate material in text or figures. 

    *

      Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and
      prepared with the size of the journal page in mind: 3.5 in. wide,
      single column; 7 in. wide, double column.

    *

      Each table should be double-spaced. 

    *

      Each table should have a brief title; explanatory notes should be
      in the legend, not in the title.

    *

      Horizontal and vertical rules should be omitted. 

    *

      Nonsignificant decimal places in tabular data should be omitted. 

    *

      Short or abbreviated column heads should be used and explained if
      necessary in the legend. 

    *

      Statistical measures of variations, SD, SE, etc., must be
      identified. (Example: "Values are means ± SE.") 

    *

      Table footnotes should be listed in order of their appearance and
      identified by standard symbols: *, ?, ?, § for four or fewer; for
      five or more, consecutive superior lowercase letters should be used.


  Mathematical Equations and Modeling

Mathematical aspects of articles normally should be addressed to the
many readers of the Journal who are not mathematicians. The presentation
should include the mathematical strategy, the assumptions on which the
mathematics are based, and a summary of the meaning of the final
mathematical statement and its limitations.

    *Section Contents
    *Equations
    <#equations>Mathematical Models <#models>


  Equations
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#mathematics>]

Mathematical equations should be simplified as much as possible and
carefully checked.

    *

      Use the slant line (/) for simple fractions (/a/ + /b/)/(/x/ +
      /y/) in the text rather than the built-up fraction /a/ +
      /b/[over]/x/ + /y/, which should only be used if the equation is
      offset from the text. 

    *

      Use subscripts or superscripts wherever feasible and appropriate,
      because they often simplify the equations by eliminating the need
      for extraneous operations: /R/_A //R/_D instead of /R/A?/R/D or
      (/R/A)(/R/D). 

    *

      Use circles for pools in compartmental or flow-type models and
      whole arrows for interconnections or flows (not arrows with
      half-heads, as in reversible chemical equations). 

    *

      Do not use nonstandard mathematical notations; e.g., do not use
      computer symbols in equations (* for multiplication or ** for
      exponentiation). 

    *

      Use lowercase letters for time-varying symbols in compartmental
      model equations, preferably q(/t/) for masses, c(/t/) for
      concentrations, with subscripts as needed. 

    *

      Our convention for numerical subscripts for rate constants (/k/_21
      ) is the same as that used in most life sciences but opposite to
      that currently used in pharmacokinetics; i.e., our /k/_/ij/ is the
      fractional rate of transfer from compartment /j/ to compartment
      /i/ (or to compartment /i/ from compartment /j/, if you prefer).
      Our notation is consistent with standard nomenclature in applied
      mathematics for matrices and matrix manipulation algorithms in
      commercial software packages for scientific/mathematical
      computations involving matrices. However, the author(s) may use a
      different convention if it is clearly defined in the manuscript. 

    *

      Symbols should be defined as they first appear in the text, and a
      Glossary
      <http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/277/5/R1522.pdf> should
      also be included in articles with many different symbols,
      specifying the units (dimensions) as well as each definition. The
      Glossary will usually precede the Methods <#materials_methods>
      section.

    *

      APS style allows punctuation in displayed equations.


  Mathematical Models
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#mathematics>]

Presentation of the model(s) must be sufficiently clear to allow
physiologists with limited experience in modeling to follow the model
development, limitations, and physiological relevance. Assumptions
concerning the importance of physiological processes included in the
model should be clearly stated.

    *

      If the model equation(s) require solution, the method of solution
      should be described in sufficient detail to permit readers to
      duplicate the solution in their own laboratories. Algorithms from
      commercial software libraries should be so identified. Details of
      the solution strategy may be summarized in an Appendix
      <http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/96/1/65.pdf>. 

    *

      For simulations, sources or estimation methods for all parameter
      values should be presented and the numerical values given in the
      text or a table. A sensitivity analysis must be performed for
      important parameters (covering ranges of values relevant to the
      manuscript) to determine how the model predictions are affected by
      numerical parameter values. 

    *

      If the model is used to estimate parameter values, measures of the
      uncertainties associated with the estimated parameter values
      should be presented. 

    *

      For models intended for use in a predictive setting, validation of
      the model with a data set not used for model parameter estimation
      (i.e., cross-validation) is recommended. Sensitivity analysis or
      parameter uncertainty determination is an important component of
      modern modeling practice that allows assessment of the validity of
      a model. 

    *

      Results obtained with the model(s) should be compared with
      appropriate physiological data, either from literature or from new
      experiments. Simulation results may be examined for prediction of
      changes or trends in physiological variables similar to those
      reported for in vitro or in vivo studies. The discussion should
      include information on the physiological significance of the model
      study, limitations of the model, and suggestions for new modeling
      and/or experimental studies.


  Data Supplements
  [back to top <#top>]

Video files, extensive tables of data, and other supplemental material
that cannot be feasibly published in the printed journal may be
submitted for inclusion in the online journal (without charge to the
author). Such material must be submitted for peer review along with the
finished manuscript and must meet the approval of the journal Editor.

Questions regarding data supplements may be directed to the Web Copy
Editor <mailto:mgentry@the-aps.org>. For microarray data deposits, see
MIAME Standard for Microarray Data <#miame_standard>.

    *Section Contents
    *Video
    <#video>Long Data Tables
    <#long_data_tables>Microfiche <#microfiche>


  Video
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#data_supplements>]

Authors are responsible for compiling their own digital video. Files
should be in MPEG or Quicktime format and should be no more than 10 megs
in size. Authors should include a written caption with each video file,
explaining what is happening in the video.

There are many different factors that can affect the file size of a
video. Authors are advised to keep the following general guidelines in mind:

    *

      Length of videos should be no more than 30 seconds.

    *

      Frame size should be no more than 320 x 240 pixels.

    *

      Do not include sound unless scientifically necessary. Do not use
      voice-over narration to explain what is happening in the video;
      this information should be written in the caption, which will be
      displayed on the web page that contains the video.

Contact the Web Copy Editor <mailto:mgentry@the-aps.org> for further
assistance or questions.


  Long Data Tables
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#data_supplements>]

Long data tables should be submitted in Microsoft Excel or in Microsoft
Word table format. Each table should include a title explaining what the
table shows. Tables published online may look different than how they
were originally submitted due to the limits of the HTML format.


  Microfiche
  [back to top <#top>] [back to section contents <#data_supplements>]

At the author's request, supplemental material may be submitted for
deposition at:

    National Auxiliary Publications Service (NAPS)
    c/o Microfiche Publications
    P. O. Box 3513, Grand Central Station
    New York, NY 10017

A footnote will be inserted noting the availability of the material on
microfiche and giving the NAPS Document Number.
 

Back to Instructions for Authors Main Page
<http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/index.htm>

 

 

	 

