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Cancer Research Information for Authors Important Notice Regarding New Electronic Manuscript Submission System. Cancer Research has changed to a new manuscript submission and peer review system. Effective August 22, 2007, authors submitting new manuscripts to Cancer Research are required to submit manuscripts online via AACR SmartSubmit (http://can.msubmit.net). New submissions will be given a manuscript number higher than CAN-07-5000. If you are submitting a REVISED version of a manuscript originally submitted via Cancer Research’s previous system, Rapid Review, you must submit your revision via Rapid Review (http://www.rapidreview.com/AACR2/CALogon.jsp). Revised manuscripts will have a manuscript number lower than CAN-07-5000.
Submit a Manuscript to Cancer Research: |
1. Categories of Publication | 6. Format and Style | 11. Publication Fees and Reprints
2. Publication Policies | 7. Abbreviations | 12. Copyright and Permissions
3. Submission Fee and Page Charges | 8. Terminology | 13. Advertisements
4. Submission Procedures | 9. Submission of Manuscript Files | 14. Subscriptions and Business Inquiries
5. Cover Features | 10. Correcting Proofs |
Cancer Research, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, is the most frequently cited cancer journal in the world. The journal publishes significant, original studies, reviews, and perspectives on all areas of basic, clinical, translational, epidemiological, and prevention research in cancer and the cancer-related biomedical sciences. Topics include biochemistry; chemical, physical, and viral carcinogenesis and mutagenesis; clinical research including clinical trials; endocrinology; epidemiology and prevention; experimental therapeutics, molecular targets, and chemical biology; immunology and immunotherapy including biological therapy; molecular biology, pathobiology, and genetics; radiobiology and radiation oncology; cell and tumor biology; tumor microenvironment; systems biology and emerging technologies; and virology. Papers are stringently reviewed, and only those that report results of novel, timely, and significant research and meet high standards of scientific merit are accepted for publication. 1. CATEGORIES OF PUBLICATION The following types of articles will be considered for publication. Authors are advised that submissions exceeding the length guidelines provided below will be returned unreviewed: (1) Research Articles: Reports of original, basic, clinical, translational, epidemiological, or prevention studies relating to cancer. The reports should be well documented, novel, and significant. Research articles are published an average of 60 days after their final acceptance. The length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: Text limit of 5000 words (excluding references and figure legends). Abstract limit of 250 words. Reference limit of 50. Limit of 6 figures and/or tables. Please note that each figure or table is limited to a maximum of 4 panels. (2) Priority Reports (Formerly Advances in Brief): Short, definitive reports of highly significant and timely findings. Priority Reports receive an accelerated review and are published within 3 months of their receipt. Papers submitted as Priority Reports should contain Materials and Methods and Results and Discussions sections (note that the Results and Discussion sections may be combined). The length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: Text limit of 2500 words (excluding references and figure legends). Abstract limit of 250 words. Reference limit of 20. Limit of 4 figures and/or tables. Please note that each figure or table is limited to a maximum of 4 panels. (3) Reviews: Articles that review a timely subject important to cancer researchers. Reviews must be written as concisely as possible. Authors of unsolicited Reviews must first submit an outline of the proposed Review Article for consideration. The outline should be sent to the attention of Dr. George C. Prendergast, Deputy Editor for Reviews, either to the e-mail address cancerres{at}aacr.org , or to the fax number (215) 440-9354. All Review Articles, whether or invited or not, will be subject to peer review. The length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: Text limit of 2000 words (excluding references and figure legends). Abstract limit of 3–5 sentences. Reference limit of 20. Limit of 1 original figure containing a maximum of 4 panels. (4) Perspectives in Cancer Research: Invited articles presenting fresh insights on a very active or underdeveloped area of research and viewpoints on where research in that area may be heading. The length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: Text limit of 3000 words. (Excluding references and figure legends). Abstract limit of 200 words. Reference limit of 30. Limit of 3 tables and/or figures. Please note that each figure or table is limited to a maximum of 4 panels. (5) Public Issues: Brief articles (2000 words or less) on topics of interest to cancer researchers and the general public. These topics might include articles on advocacy for funding cancer research, government relations, training in the field, public or science education. (6) Letters to the Editor: In the spirit of open scientific dialogue, the Editors invite the submission of correspondence that presents considered opinions in response to articles published in the journal. Letters to the Editor will be peer reviewed and, if found to meet the requisite publication criteria (scholarly commentary on a subject of importance and interest to the broad readership), the Letter may be sent to the author(s) of the originally published article and possibly to other interested parties for a response to be published in the same issue of the journal as the Letter. Please note that the journal will not consider Letters to the Editor regarding Cancer Research articles that were published more than three months prior. Correspondence concerning articles that have not been published in Cancer Research will not be considered. The length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: The title should read as Comment re: the running title of the originating article. Please note that the Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to modify the title. Text limit of 400 words (not including references). Reference limit of 5. The first reference must be the citation for the originating article under discussion. Letters may contain figures or tables only if they show data which refutes the conclusions of the originating article. Figures or tables showing unpublished data in support of the conclusions of the originating article will not be considered. (7) Meeting Reports: Brief reports of symposia and conferences in cancer research. Reports must be submitted within 2 months of the meeting date in order to maintain their timeliness. Only those Meeting Reports dealing with topics of interest to the readership and that contain novel information and insights from the meeting are accepted for publication. A Meeting Report should be a thoughtful, critical commentary which shows an appreciation of the connections among the various presentations and reveals the consensus, if any, which emerged at the meeting. Before submitting a Meeting Report for consideration, potential authors, must send a letter to the Editor-in-Chief inquiring whether the topic meets the criteria for consideration. Letters of inquiry should be sent to the Publications Office (fax: (215) 440-9354; e-mail: cancerres{at}aacr.org ). Length restrictions for this category of publication are as follows: Text limit of 2500 words. Meeting Reports must contain a statement of the purpose of the meeting, an integrated summary of the findings presented, and recommendations for future research. The names and affiliations of key speakers should be given in an Appendix, which should be submitted as supplemental information, not as part of the manuscript text. (8) Proceedings of Symposia: Papers and Proceedings from meetings can be published as external supplements to the journal providing the full expenses of such supplements are assumed by the sponsoring agency. Supplements are accepted for publication at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief if they are found to adhere to editorial policy and acceptance standards and are subject to peer review. Further information concerning publication of supplements may be obtained by contacting the journal office at cancerres{at}aacr.org . 2. PUBLICATION POLICIES Submission of a manuscript to Cancer Research implies that the author(s) of the paper understand and fully accept the policies of the Journal as detailed in these "Information for Authors." No Prior or Subsequent Publication. When a manuscript is submitted for consideration, the authors should confirm in writing that neither the submitted paper nor any similar paper, in whole or in part, other than an abstract or preliminary communication, has been or will be submitted to or published in any other scientific journal. Permission to reproduce all or parts of articles published in AACR journals must be sought from the AACR Publications Office [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9354; e-mail: permissions{at}aacr.org Embargo Policy. Once submitted, contributions cannot be discussed with the media (including other scientific journals) until one week before the publication date. The information in accepted articles is embargoed from reporting by all media until 12:01 A.M. (EST) the date of issue. Authors who discuss their work with the media during the week before publication must ensure that the media representatives know the embargo policy and the embargo date. Authors arranging their own publicity on their articles are advised to notify the AACR Communications Department in advance [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9410; e-mail: communications{at}aacr.org . Authorship. Who should be listed as an author is determined by the authors or by policies at their institutions, or both. As a general guideline, persons listed as authors should have contributed substantially to: 1) the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it for important content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all authors have agreed to be authors and have agreed to the manuscript's content and its submission to the journal. If any changes are proposed to authorship after the manuscript is submitted, including the order of author listing, the corresponding author must provide the AACR Publications Department with signed documentation that the authors involved agree to the changes. Cancer Research accepts no responsibility for deciding matters of authorship. Image Acquisition and Analysis It is the authors’ responsibility to exercise discretion during data acquisition, where misrepresentation must be avoided. Acquisition of images for comparative purposes must be standardized. Specimen areas should be selected which objectively represent the critical features being presented. Images should be captured in a non-compressing format such as .tif, or .bmp. Authors should retain their unprocessed images and metadata files, as editors may request them to aid in manuscript evaluation. If unprocessed data is unavailable, manuscript evaluation may be delayed until the issue is resolved. Files which have been adjusted in any way should be saved separately from the originals, also in a non-compressed format. Compressing formats, such as .jpg, should only be used for presentation of final figures, where requested, to keep files sizes small for electronic transmission. 8 bit monochrome, or 24 bit RGB acquisition is acceptable for visual documentation, but capture at higher bit depths is generally required for fine analysis of intensity data. Only non-adjusted original files should be used for analysis. If data is presented which includes mathematical representations of pixel intensities and locations, the original unprocessed files must be provided for review. A description of the analysis preparation and techniques should be included in the supplementary data. Image Manipulation The American Association for Cancer Research allows that minimal image adjustment is acceptable for publication in its journals; however, the final image must remain representative of the original data. Adjustments of brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable only if they are applied to the whole image and as long as they do not obscure or eliminate any information present in the original, including backgrounds. Non-linear manipulation, such as “gamma” should only be used to adjust the overall presentation of the image, to make sure details are visible in the printed form. Alteration to specific features within the image is generally not acceptable. Sub-forms of an image may not be enhanced, obscured, moved or removed in relation to the larger image. Non-linear algorithms to enhance overall presentation such as background subtraction, shading correction, sharpening, despeckling and flattening may be acceptable, but disclosure of adjustment must be included in the legend and the specific techniques must be described in the supplemental data. Descriptions must include the original, unprocessed files for comparison. Image Composites The grouping of images from different originals must be made explicit, both by the arrangement of the figure (i.e., adding dividing lines) and in the text of the figure legend. This also applies to multiple fields taken from the same image (such as individual lanes combined from a single electrophoresis gel), and separate images acquired with different conditions. If dividing lines are not included, they will be added by our production department, and may result in publication delays. Figures presenting merged color images from fluorescence originals must include the original single channel images used to make the merged file. Original images captured as color files are acceptable, but grayscale images are preferred, laid out in sequence as part of the figure. Multiple images may be combined into a single photomontage when the area of interest cannot be captured in a single image. In such a case, all images which make up the montage must be captured using a standardized method. Each smaller image must overlap its neighboring image by ¼ of the shared field in each direction. The outer boundary of the combined image must be clearly delineated with a line. Any post-processing must be done to the total, combined montage. All original images must also be submitted as supplementary data. Electrophoretic gels and blots Include positive and negative controls, as well as molecular size markers, on each gel and blot. Provide a citation for previously characterized antibodies. For antibodies less well characterized in the system under study, we require a detailed characterization that demonstrates not only the specificity of the antibody, but also the range of reactivity of the reagent in the assay, which will be published as supplementary data. Clearly separate vertically sliced gels that juxtapose lanes that were not contiguous in the experiment or include a line delineating the boundary between the gels. The display of cropped gels and blots in the main paper is encouraged if it improves the clarity and conciseness of the presentation. In such cases, the cropping must be mentioned in the figure legend and the supplementary information should include full-length gels and blots wherever possible. These uncropped images should be labeled as in the main text and placed in a single supplementary figure. The manuscript’s figure legends should state that “full-length blots/gels are presented in Supplemental Figure X.” Cropped gels in the paper must retain important bands. Cropped blots in the body of the paper should retain at least six band widths above and below the band. High-contrast gels and blots are discouraged, as overexposure may mask additional bands. Authors should strive for exposures with gray backgrounds. Multiple exposures should be presented in supplementary information if high contrast is unavoidable. High-contrast immunoblots should be surrounded by a black line to indicate the borders of the blot. Describe all image acquisition tools and image processing software. Document key image-gathering settings and processing manipulations in the Supplementary Data. Microscopy The most important images should be made available to referees in images that are at least 300 dpi at the size which they will be published. Adjustments should be applied to the entire image. Threshold manipulation, expansion or contraction of signal ranges and the altering of high signals should be avoided. ’Pseudo-coloring’ and nonlinear adjustment (for example ’gamma changes’) are only allowed if unavoidable and must be disclosed. Include the following with the final revised version of the manuscript for publication: Include a magnification scale bar for each image. In the Methods section, specify the type of equipment (microscopes/objective lenses, cameras, detectors) used. Acquisition software should also be specified, as well as a description of specialized techniques requiring large amounts of processing, such as confocal, deconvolution, 3D reconstructions, or surface and volume rendering. In Supplementary Data, provide additional acquisition information for each image, including time and space resolution data (xyzt and pixel dimensions), image bit depth, experimental conditions such as temperature and imaging medium, and fluorochromes. Review Process. All submitted manuscripts are assessed by a Senior Editor, who makes the final recommendation on acceptance or rejection. The Senior Editor will take one of the following steps: 1) send the manuscript to an Associate Editor, who selects peer reviewers and makes a recommendation based on their comments; 2) directly select peer reviewers for the manuscript; or 3) determine that the manuscript is not suitable for the journal and return it, without peer review. All reviewers and editors are required to adhere to ethical guidelines that mandate strict confidentiality concerning all aspects of the manuscript and its content. Manuscripts submitted for consideration for publication are privileged communications, and the status of the manuscript and details regarding it are available only to AACR editorial staff, authors, and the editors and peer reviewers involved. Submission of a manuscript implies acceptance by all authors of the strict policy of the AACR that under no circumstances will the identities, or information leading to the identities, of the Associate Editors and reviewers be revealed. Every effort is made to render editorial decisions promptly. Authors may track their manuscript’s status online at http://can.msubmit.net. Other inquiries may be made to the AACR Publications Department via phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9354; or email: cancerres{at}aacr.org . Collect telephone calls from authors cannot be accepted. Conflict of Interest. Journal policy requires that authors, reviewers, and Associate Editors reveal to the Editor-in-Chief or Senior Editors any relationships that they believe could be construed as resulting in an actual, potential, or apparent conflict of interest with regard to the manuscript submitted for review. As a result, all authors on submitted manuscripts will be required to complete a Conflict of Interest Disclosure Form as part of the online submission process. The existence of financial interests or other relationships of a commercial nature is not necessarily regarded as creating a conflict of interest. Rather, journal policy represents a recognition of the many factors that can influence judgments about research data and a desire to make as much information as possible available to those reviewing the data. If in the judgment of the Editor-in-Chief the information revealed does represent a potential conflict of interest, notification concerning the relationship may be published. If such action is deemed necessary, the authors will be informed before publication. Availability of Materials. It is understood that by publishing any work in Cancer Research the authors agree to make freely available to other academic researchers any of the cells, clones of cells, DNA, antibodies, or other material used in the research reported and not available from commercial suppliers. The publication of articles including new genes, proteins, or crystallographic structures is contingent on deposition of the accession number and/or structural coordinates in a publicly accessible database. The reporting requirements extend to the chemical structures of drugs, as well as sequences of oligonucleotides used in antisense strategies and RNA. In addition, AACR journals require the disclosure of chemical structures of any unpublished synthetic, low molecular weight (<1,000 g/mol) chemical compounds used as part of the described research (including clinical studies in humans). These requirements are subject to amendment as the need for disclosure changes with evolving technologies. Also, authors may be required to make primary data available to the Editor-in-Chief if the data needs to be examined to ensure validity. Depositing Data in Public Databases. The AACR requires that authors submitting manuscripts describing microarray data be prepared to supply peer reviewers with the data in a format that conforms to the Minimum Information About a Microarray Gene Experiment (MIAME) guidelines of the Microarray Gene Expression Data society (MGED). These guidelines include a checklist of information to be included with each new microarray submission; the checklist is available online ( http://www.mged.org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame_checklist.html). Authors will also be required to deposit the data with either of two public repositories: GEO (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) or Array Express (www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress) and to have the accession numbers available to be published in the article. Authors of manuscripts with new nucleotide or amino acids sequences are asked to deposit the sequence information with GenBank (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Building 38A, Rm. 8N-803, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894; phone: (301) 496-2475; fax: (301) 480-9241; e-mail for information: info{at}ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ; e-mail for submission: gb-sub{at}ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ). Authors outside of the United States may elect to deposit sequence information in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) database (e-mail: datasubs{at}ebi.ac.uk ) or the DNA Databank of Japan (e-mail: datasub{at}ddbj.nig.ac.jp ). The accession numbers for deposited sequences will be published with the article. 3. SUBMISSION FEE AND PAGE CHARGES A nonrefundable submission fee of $75 for each manuscript must be paid regardless of the decision on the paper. Payment should be made via credit card at the time of online submission. Upon completion of the online submission process, authors will be directed to a secure site for remitting payment. Authors who are unable to pay by credit card at the time of submission must contact Ms. Jeri Williams of the AACR Finance Office at williams{at}aacr.org to make other arrangements. Please note that manuscripts will not enter the review process until the submission fee has been paid. AACR does not accept purchase orders for the manuscript submission fees. A per-page charge for each published page ($85 per page for the first 6 published pages; $115 per page for each additional published page) will be levied on all manuscripts accepted for publication. It is understood at the time of submission that the author(s) agree to pay this charge in the event of publication. Please refer to the section titled “Publication Fees and Reprints” for details. Under exceptional circumstances, when no grant or other source of support exists, the author(s) may apply to the Publisher at the time of submission for a waiver of the page charges. All such applications must be countersigned by an appropriate institutional official stating that no funds are available for the payment of page charges. 4. SUBMISSION PROCEDURES Online Submission Cancer Research requires that submissions be made electronically through the AACR SmartSubmit system (www.can.msubmit.net). Complete details on how to submit a manuscript can be found when you log on to SmartSubmit to create an author account or on the AACR Website ( https://www.aacr.org/Uploads/DocumentRepository/Journals/AACRSmartSubmit/author_instr.pdf). Registration When you register online, you will be asked to provide or select the following: Title of the manuscript. The title should not exceed 100 characters and should not contain any abbreviations. Running title that does not exceed 60 characters in length to appear at the top of each printed page. Full name and affiliations of all authors, complete with first and middle names or initials, and contact information for each. A journal section that you believe to be the best match for your manuscript. Please note, however, that the final section assignments are made at the discretion of the editors. The type of manuscript and an indication of whether or not the paper was invited. At least two keywords from the pull-down list of terms to classify your manuscript. In addition to the keyword selection, you may also provide your own keywords in the text boxes provided. Upload PDFs or other files for Supplemental Data (if necessary). A cover letter to be uploaded along with your manuscript and graphics files. Include a description of the novel and salient findings of the work, as well as any information not covered elsewhere in the submission form. Please do not include credit card information for payment of the $75 manuscript submission fee in your cover letter.You will be prompted for credit card information at the completion of the online submission process (see Submission Fee and Page Charges section of these instructions for further information). If you have any questions about payment of the submission fee, please contact Ms. Jeri Williams of the AACR Finance Office (williams{at}aacr.org ) to make payment arrangements. Authors are required to recommend at least one Associate Editor (Editorial Board member) with appropriate expertise. A current list of Associate Editors can be found at cancerres.aacrjournals.org/misc/edboard.shtml. Authors may also provide the names and affiliations of experts whom they feel are qualified to review their manuscript. Final assignment of the manuscript to peer-review, however, is made at the discretion of the Editors. Abstract (not to exceed 250 words) for most types of articles (see Categories of Publication) typed into the box provided. Abstracts are often copied directly by the secondary services, so they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and interpretations of the data. Include a synopsis of all pertinent data, but do not include references. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms. Answers to questions about the manuscript, such as statement of authorship, notification of color reproduction costs, and disclosure of conflicts of interest. When you have completed the submission form, you will be able to upload your cover letter, manuscript and graphics files, and supplemental data (if necessary). The follwing are acceptable formats for manuscript files: PDF (for original submissions only; not for revisions), Word, WordPerfect, EPS, text, Postscript, or RTF. The following are acceptable formats for graphics files: TIFF, GIF, Postscript, or EPS format. Figures/Images should NOT be embedded in the manuscript file. PDF files for figures/images are not acceptable. Once you have successfully submitted your manuscript online, you will receive acknowledgement via e-mail. Revisions If you have been asked to revise your paper and you are ready to resubmit it, log on to the AACR SmartSubmit system http://can.msubmit.net. and, on your author homepage, click the Revised Manuscript link of the manuscript you wish to resubmit. You will be asked to review the information you originally submitted to confirm its accuracy. In your cover letter, please be sure to provide a point by point reply to the reviewers' comments as well as a listing of the changes made and page numbers where the changes appear. When you have successfully resubmitted your manuscript, you will receive acknowledgment via e-mail. Please note that all authors on a paper will be required to complete Conflict of Interest and Copyright Transfer forms prior to acceptance of any manuscript. The revised version of your manuscript may undergo another review if the original submission required extensive changes or if the authors' responses to the criticisms entail rebuttal rather than revision. A decision as to whether or not the paper will be sent back out for review is made at the discretion of the Editors at the time of resubmission. Authors of regular Research Articles are asked to submit revised versions within 3–4 weeks from the notification of the decision on a manuscript; authors of Priority Reports are asked to resubmit within 2 weeks. The Editors acknowledge that a longer period might be needed to make the revisions in some cases; however, authors must request an extension by contacting the Publications Office or the resubmission will be considered a new manuscript and it will be subject to all of the conditions of an original submission, including a new submission fee and a new date of receipt. All authors of revised manuscripts are advised that any manuscript that has been revised once and is again judged by the Editors to require major revision will neither be accepted for publication or granted further consideration Appeals for Reconsideration Manuscripts that have been declined for publication will be reconsidered only at the Editor-in-Chief's or Senior Editor's discretion. Authors who wish to request reconsideration of a previously rejected manuscript must do so in writing by sending correspondence that includes the manuscript ID number to the Editorial Office either via e-mail to cancerres{at}aacr.org or via fax to (215) 440-9354. Requests for reconsideration sent to a location other than the Editorial Office will not receive a reply. (Please be advised that due to the volume of manuscripts received by the journal, priority must be given to those manuscripts that have not yet received a decision. Therefore, it may take up to one month to receive a reply to a request for reconsideration. In addition, due to keen competition for journal space, only those manuscripts that have been judged to be of the highest priority can be accepted for publication. As a result, fewer than 10% of authors who request permission to resubmit a previously rejected article are granted permission to do so.) In the correspondence, please explain in detail the reasons why you feel the paper should be reconsidered. If the Editor-in-Chief or Senior Editor determines that the paper should be reconsidered, you will be asked to submit it electronically, and it will be assigned a new manuscript identification number and date of receipt, the author will be charged a new manuscript submission fee, and the paper will undergo review as a new submission. Please be advised that previously rejected manuscripts that are resubmitted without prior approval of the Editors will be returned to the authors unreviewed. 5. COVER FEATURES The covers of Cancer Research feature illustrations the Editor-in-Chief selects from the articles scheduled for publication in that issue. Authors whose articles are chosen for a cover feature will be asked to provide a high-quality version of the selected illustration as well as a brief legend (four to five sentences) describing the significance of the image. In light of the rapid production schedule for journal covers, authors are expected to provide the requested material within 3 days. 6. FORMAT AND STYLE Papers are to be written in clear, grammatical English and must be typed double-spaced. Papers that are not in Cancer Research style or that are not in good idiomatic English may be returned to the author without review. Laboratory jargon as well as terminology and abbreviations not consistent with internationally accepted guidelines should be avoided. The AACR journals generally conform to usage guidelines in the following publications: Stedman's Medical Dictionary (Twenty-seventh Edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD); Council of Science Editors. 2006. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA: Concil of Science Editors and Rockefeller University Press. For general guidance on manuscript preparation, consult the documents issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (www.icmje.org). Large data sets of peripheral significance to the main thesis of the investigation will not be published in Cancer Research but may be published in the Data Supplements section of Cancer Research online. Contact the AACR Publications Department for more information. Supplementary data should be submitted for review at the same time as the manuscript. Manuscripts should be arranged in the following order: title, author(s) and complete name(s) and location(s) of institution(s) or laboratory(ies), running title, key words, footnotes, text and references, tables, legends for all illustrations, and illustrations. Please note that all pages of the manuscript must be numbered. WHEN SUBMITTING MANUSCRIPTS ONLINE, IF YOU ARE SUBMITTING SUPPLEMENTAL DATA, PLEASE BE SURE TO UPLOAD IT IN THE APPROPRIATE AREA OF THE MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION FORM. PLEASE DO NOT APPEND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA TO YOUR MANUSCRIPT FILES. Numbered and lettered sections in the text should be avoided. Each table and illustration must be cited in order in the text. Simple chemical formulas or mathematical equations should be presented in a form that allows their reproduction in single horizontal lines of type; more complicated mathematical formulas or chemical structures difficult to set in type should be provided for reproduction in the form of line drawings, glossy photographs, or digital files (see “Illustrations” for more details). Title. Write a brief, informative title limited, if possible, to about 100 characters. It is important for literature retrieval to include in the title the key words that identify the nature of the subject matter, including, if applicable, the species on which the work is done. Avoid expressions such as “Studies on . . . ” or “Observations of . . . ”, and avoid chemical formulas or abbreviations. Also, do not use Roman or Arabic numerals to designate that the paper is part of a series (see section below on Footnotes). Authors and Affiliations. Authors are urged to include their full names, complete with first and middle names or initials. Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations of institutions and the laboratories or names and locations of companies should be given. If several institutions are listed on a paper, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated by using superscript numbers that correspond to each author’s affiliation. Include the following footnotes to the title page (if applicable) in this order: Financial support, including the source and number of grants. Please identify the grant support for each author. Full name, mailing address, and e-mail address (optional) of the person to whom reprint requests should be sent. Other notes about the paper as a whole (whether part of a series, conflict of interest statements, etc.). Running Title. A brief running title of about 50 characters should be provided. Key Words. On the title page, provide five key words identifying the subject of your article. Footnotes. In most instances information should be presented in the text, not in footnotes. If footnotes are necessary, use superscript Arabic numerals consecutively throughout the text. For footnotes to tables, see the section on Tables. Abstract. The abstract that appears at the beginning of the paper should be concise, yet outline the content of the paper (see the specifications for each type of article for abstract length). Because abstracts are often copied directly by secondary services (such as Medline, Chemical Abstracts, etc.), they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and data interpretations. Data such as the number of test subjects and controls, strains of animals or viruses, drug dosages and routes of administration, tumor yields and latent periods, length of observation period, and magnitude of activity should be included. Vague, general statements such as “The significance of the results is discussed,” or “Some physical properties were studied,” are uninformative and not acceptable. All important terms relevant to the content of the paper should be incorporated into the abstract to assist indexers in the derivation of key words. Abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum; however, if they are needed, they must be explained at first mention so the abstract can be understood independent of the text. Do not cite references in the abstract. Introduction. It is not necessary to cite all of the background literature in the Introduction. Brief reference to the most pertinent papers generally suffices to acquaint the reader with the findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that the investigation addresses. Materials and Methods. Explanation of the experimental methods should be brief but adequate for repetition by qualified investigators. Procedures that have been published previously should not be described in detail but merely cited appropriate references. Only new and significant modifications of previously published procedures need complete exposition. The sources of special chemicals or preparations used should be given along with their locations (city, state, and country, if not the United States). This Journal endorses the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and expects that all investigations involving humans will have been performed in accordance with these principles. In particular, papers reporting human experimentation must include a statement that the human investigations were performed after approval by an institutional review board and in accordance with an assurance filed with and approved by the Department of Health and Human Services, where appropriate. Also, papers reporting biomedical research involving human subjects must include a statement that informed consent was obtained from each subject or subject's guardian. To obtain a copy of the Helsinki Declaration, contact the World Medical Association, Bôite Postale 63, 01210, Ferney-Voltaire Cedex, France, or acquire a copy from the WMA Website (www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm). Cancer Research is a staunch supporter of the most humane treatment of animals in the conduct of scientific studies, and it is expected that investigators will adhere to widely accepted national standards such as the following: The U.S. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, available from the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, national Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RKLI, Suite 360, MSC 7982, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-7982 or online at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm#pol The United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research's “Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia” (Second Edition, 1997) available online at http://www.ncrn.org.uk/csg/animal_guides_text.pdf.This report encourages researchers to “refine endpoints in experiemental neoplasia and to disseminate best practice by publishing such improvements, to incorporate welfare statements in experimental protocols and to report compliance with appropriate guidelines in publications.” Only the results (particularly the photographic presentation of experimental data) in which proper attention has been given to ethical considerations toward animals will be published, and the AACR reserves the right to reject papers that do not follow accepted studies. Results. Include a concise summary of the data presented in tables and illustrations. Excessive elaboration of data already given in tables and illustrations should be avoided. The Results and Discussion sections should be combined if, by so doing, space is saved or the logical sequence of the material is improved. Discussion. The data should be interpreted concisely without repeating material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider implications of the findings is encouraged. References. Number the references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite only the number assigned to the reference. The reference list should be limited to only those citations essential to the presentation. When comprehensive review articles are available, citation of the review article is preferred to citing many separate references. Before submission of the paper, authors should verify the accuracy of all references and check that all references have been cited in the text. Cancer Research reference style follows that of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, which can be found on the website of the National Library of Medicine (www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html). Use the Medline journal abbreviations and follow the reference style shown on the Website noted above, with the following exceptions: List all authors when there are six or fewer. If there are more than six authors, list the first three followed by et al. Do not use a period (full stop) at the end of the journal title or abbreviation. References Examples Saylors RL III, Sidransky D, Friedman HS, et al. Infrequent p53 gene mutations in medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 1991;51:4721-3. Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Roop D, Strickland J, Greenhalgh DA. Genes and mechanisms involved in malignant conversion. In: Harris CC, Liotta LA, editors. Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p.115-26. Papers in press. Papers in press may be listed among the references provided a journal name and tentative year of publication can be verified. Unpublished material. Papers in preparation or submitted for publication, unpublished data, and personal communications should be cited in a footnote, not in the Reference section. The names of all authors should be given, along with the title of the paper, if possible. Authors should secure permission from the authors of unpublished material to cite it. Addenda. Data acquired after acceptance of the paper, by the authors themselves or by others, cannot be added to the text. Such addenda are subject to approval by the Editor-in-Chief and could result in delay of publication. Addenda should be kept extremely brief. Tables. Tabular material should not duplicate data already presented in detail in the text, nor should tables be only lists. A table should compare values. If you are putting data in a table, summarize the data in the text and reference the table. Unnecessary columns of data that can easily be derived from other data in the table should not be included. Large groups of individual values should be avoided; instead, these should be averaged and an appropriate designation of the dispersion such as standard deviation or standard error included. Tables should not be included as part of a figure. Authors are obliged to indicate the significance of their observations by appropriate statistical analysis. Every table must have a descriptive title and enough explanatory information so the reader can understand the data without reference to the text. Each column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given, the units should be given with the column heading. Number tables using Arabic numerals; table footnotes should be indicated with standard footnote signs: *, †, ‡, §, ||, **, ††, etc. Include a Note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table that have not been used in the text are explained. Complex or large tables should be uploaded as Supplemental Data. Illustrations. Line drawings (graphs) or halftone illustrations (photographs, photomicrographs, electrophoretic patterns) are designated as figures. Figures should be used when salient points need illustration for better comprehension by the reader. Figures must be cited in the order in which they appear in the text. Figures should be labeled with the first author's name and the figure number on the front of the figure. Multipart figures should be limited to no more than 4 panels, and subpanels must be kept to an absolute minimum. Tables should not be included as a panel within a figure. For halftones, the top of the figure should also be noted. All figures must have legends that briefly describe the data shown; details given in the text of the paper should not be repeated. Please note that all figure legends should be listed together in one section (Figure Legends) directly preceding the appearance of the figures in the manuscript. Stains and original magnifications should be listed where applicable. Each legend should adequately identify all parts, symbols, abbreviations, mathematical expressions, abscissas, ordinates, units, and reference points on the figure. Abbreviations explained in the text of the article need not be re-explained in the figure legend. When graphs are reduced to the size of a single column (3 ¹/6"), the text on them must be no smaller than 6-point type and no larger than 12-point type, and all symbols must be discernible. Avoid gray shading or screening in graphs, particularly bar graphs. Avoid using very thin, broken, or dotted lines. Figure symbols should be defined in the legend. Only those common symbols for which the printer has type should be used. Lines connecting the symbols should not extend beyond the data points. Graphs should be ruled off close to the area occupied by the curve, and abscissas and ordinates should be clearly marked with appropriate units. Explanations of the coordinates should not extend beyond the respective lines. Do not box-in graphs with top and right-hand frame lines unless these are essential for reference. Titles printed outside the confines of the drawing waste space; all of this information should be included in the legend. Also, to conserve space those curves that may appropriately appear together should be included in a single graph. Halftones that must appear together for comparison should be grouped under one figure number with each section given sequential letters (A, B, C) in the upper left-hand corner on the face of the illustration. Composite figures may be mounted on a plate, with the sections butted together and tooling (thin lines) placed between the parts of the figure. For optimal reproduction, the contrast among photographs on a plate should be consistent. The overall dimensions of photographs on a plate should not exceed 18.4 x 22.4 cm (7 ¼ x 9 inches). The minimum dimensions to which the plate can be reduced must be indicated on the back. Symbols, arrows, or letters used in photomicrographs should contrast with the background. Internal scale markers should be included on the photographs themselves or the original magnification should be given in the legend because it may be necessary to reduce the figures. Color Photographs. Authors are encouraged to submit color illustrations. The expense of reproducing color photographs must be offset partially by the author. The cost of color reproduction charged to authors is $750 per color figure. Figures mounted together (multi-part figures) are considered one figure. Multi-part figures should be limited to no more than 4 panels and subpanels must be kept to an absolute minimum. Please note that the author is responsible for submitting prints that are of sufficient quality to permit accurate reproduction, and for approving the final color proof. Cancer Research assumes no responsibility for the quality of the photograph as it appears in the journal. Color electronic images should be provided as Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) files using CMYK color format. Black and white illustrations should be provided in TIFF and sized to approximate column width (3 ¹/6"). For more detailed information on submitting illustrations electronically, you can visit the Cadmus Journal Services Website at http://cjs.cadmus.com/da/index.asp, send an E-mail to digitalart{at}cadmus.com , or call the Digital Art Help Line at 1-800-257-5529, ext. 6985 or (410) 691-6985. 7. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations are in general a hindrance to readers in fields other than that of the author(s), to abstractors, and to scientists whose primary language is not English. Authors should limit their use to an absolute minimum. Use only abbreviations for terms that are better known as an abbreviation—such as DNA—or use widely accepted abbreviations. Single words should not be abbreviated—for example, melanoma, folate, vincristine. Abbreviations are not to be used in titles, but running titles may carry abbreviations for brevity. All abbreviations must be explained at first mention unless the term is better known as an abbreviation (see Standard Abbreviations). Authors should follow the recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. Standard Abbreviations. Authors may use, without definition, abbreviations of units of measure when they are used with units (1.5 cm). The following are examples of standard abbreviations that may be used in the text, without explanation:
ABVD* | Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine
ADP, dADP |
AMP, dAMP |
AATP, dATP |
bp | base pair(s)
CDP, cCDP |
CMP, cCMP |
CNBr | cyanogen bromide
cDNA | complementary DNA
CoA | coenzyme A
CTL | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CTP, dCTP |
cyclic ADP | adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-diphosphate
cyclic AMP | adenosine 3[prime],5[prime]-monophosphate
DEAE | diethylaminoethyl
DNA, cDNA |
EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EGTA | ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid
EtOH | etomidate
GDP, dGDP |
GMP, dGMP |
GTP, dGTP |
HEPES | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid or
| N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N[prime]-2-ethanesulfonic acid
IDP, dIDP |
IMP, dIMP |
IR | infrared
ITP, dITP |
MOPP | mechlorethamine, oncovin (vincristine), procarbazine, and prednisone
NAD+ | NADH
NADP+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized form)
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline
PIPES | 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid
POPOP | 1,4-bis[Isqb]2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)[rsqb]benzene
PPO | 2,5 diphenyloxazole
Pi, Ppi | orthophosphate, pyrophosphate
Rf | retardation factor
RFLP | restriction fragment length polymorphism
RIA | radioimmunoassay
RKO cells |
RNA, aRNA, mRNA, nRNA, tRNA |
Rnase, DNase |
RPMI |
Roswell Park Memorial Institute |
rRNA | spell out as "Ribosomal RNA" in title only
SD | standard deviation
SDS | sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEM | standard error of the mean
SSC | standard saline-citrate
SV40 | Simian Virus 40
TBS | Tris-buffered saline
TDP, dTDP |
TEAE | triethylaminoethyl
TMP, dTMP |
TTP, dTTP |
Tris | tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
UDP, dUDP |
UMP, dump |
UTP, dUTP |
USP units |
USPHS | United States Public Health Service
UTP | uridine 5c-triphosphate
UV | ultraviolet
w/v | weight per volume
w/w | weight for weight
8. TERMINOLOGY Use the approved terms and abbreviations for chemical substances recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Comprehensive recommendations on nomenclature are available online (www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html). Recommended nomenclature for biomedical and physical sciences can be found in Scientific Style and Format, Sixth Edition, Council of Biology Editors (now the Council of Science Editors), 1994 (Available from: www.councilscienceeditors.org). Authors should use the Recommended Name given in Enzyme Nomenclature 1992: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes (Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1992). In some cases the Systematic Name or the reaction catalyzed should also be included. It is strongly recommended that the Enzyme Commission number be stated at first mention. Supplements to this work are available online (www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme). Designations for mouse strains should conform to the Rules and Guidelines for Genetic Nomenclature in Mice, from the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice (Mouse Genome; 1994:92: vii-xxxii) and available online (www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen.shtml). Generic names of drugs are preferred with the brand name included at first mention only to identify new components that may not be recognized by their generic name. If a non-U.S. proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U. S. product should be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients. Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in the current edition of USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names. 9. SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT FILES To expedite publication, accepted manuscripts are copy edited electronically. When submitting revised manuscripts, authors are strongly encouraged to upload original source files into the AACR SmartSubmit online submission system. Uploading original source files will greatly facilitate publication of an accepted manuscript. The following are acceptable file formats: Manuscript Files: PDF (for original submissions only; not for revisions), Word, WordPerfect, Encapsulated Postscript (EPS), Text, Postscript, or Rich Text Format (RTF). Graphics Files: TIFF, GIF,Postscript, or EPS. 10. CORRECTING PROOFS Authors will receive page proofs electronically. Alterations in proof are costly and, if extensive, can lead to publication delays. Authors will be charged for excessive changes in proof not due to printer's errors. The Editors retain the prerogative to question alterations that do not follow the journal's style and alterations that might affect the scientific content of the paper. Authors should check their proofs carefully to ensure that all special characters converted properly from the electronic files submitted. Page proofs should be returned to the AACR Publications Department within 24 hours of receipt via an overnight delivery service. Proofs not received by the deadline will be published without the authors' corrections or publication will be delayed to a later issue. Authors who will not be available to read their proofs should appoint someone to handle the proofreading in their absence. 11. PUBLICATION FEES AND REPRINTS Publication fees for Cancer Research articles include a per-page charge of $85 for the first 6 published pages and $115 for each additional published page. Articles containing color figures are also subject to a color reproduction charge of $750 per figure. Figures converted to black and white at the proof stage will not have this fee waived. Fees must be agreed to before the article is accepted and are also itemized on the reprint order form that is sent to authors with their proofs. If this form is not in your proof package, the AACR Publications Department should be contacted immediately [phone: (215) 440-9300; fax: (215) 440-9354]. The reprint order form must be completed and returned two weeks before publication, even if reprints are not desired, because payment information for the publication fees is required. Failure to return the form with this information will delay publication of your article. Prepayment for publication fees and, if desired, for reprints, can be made in the form of a check (in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank), signed institutional purchase order, or credit card (VISA, Mastercard, American Express) information supplied on the reprint order form, which serves as a proforma invoice. Return the order form and payment made payable to: American Association for Cancer Research, P.O. Box 631060, Baltimore, MD 21263-1060. Reprints are shipped approximately 4 weeks after publication of the journal. Allow extra time for delivery. After publication, the cost of reprints for articles that contain color is much more expensive than before publication, and this cost will be estimated on an individual basis. For such an estimate or if you have any other inquiries regarding reprints, please contact Cadmus Journal Services Reprint Department [phone: 1-800-407-9190 or (410) 819-3992; fax: (410) 820-9765]. A footnote should be supplied indicating to which author reprint requests should be addressed. 12. COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSIONS Under U.S. copyright law (PL 94-553), which became effective January 1, 1978, copyright for works is vested in the author from the moment of creation and remains the property of the author until legally transferred. Authors who wish to publish articles and other material in AACR journals must formally transfer copyright to AACR. The copyright transfer form must be signed by all authors before AACR can proceed with publication. Appropriate forms for transfer of copyright must be received with manuscript submissions. Persons requesting a copyright transfer should either use the form available online (click here for the CAN Copyright Transfer Form PDF) or request a form from the AACR Publications Department. The journal will not publish a paper unless the form is properly filled out and signed by all authors. It is understood in conveying copyright that the authors have not published this material elsewhere, either whole or in part (except in abbreviated form as a preliminary communication), and that they have neither concluded previous negotiations nor initiated pending negotiations for copyright of this material. The duly authorized agent of a commercial firm or commissioning organization must sign our copyright transfer form if the author prepared the article as part of his or her official duties as an employee. The federal government has determined that it has a nonexclusive right to publish or republish material developed from work performed under federal grant-supported projects. Therefore, copyrights for such works are subject to this restriction. Since the federal government does not recognize private copyright for work performed by its employees as part of their official duties, the journal will accept papers from government laboratories without copyright transfer, provided that the authors abide by the same provisions required of other authors and sign the appropriate section of our copyright transfer form. Authors of articles published in AACR journals are permitted to use their article or parts of their article in the following ways without requesting permission from the AACR: With appropriate attribution, authors may include parts of their article, including figures and tables, in books, reviews, or subsequent research articles they write. With appropriate attribution, authors may use parts of their article in slide presentations. With appropriate attribution, authors may post a link to the published version of their article on their institutional website. With appropriate attribution, an author may submit a copy of their article to his or her university in support of his or her doctoral thesis. The AACR will routinely allow third parties to include select parts of a copyrighted article in reviews, books, or subsequent papers, provided that the requesting parties obtain written permission from the AACR Publications Department. For each requested use of an article, the AACR Permission Request Form should be completed and returned to the AACR Publications Department [fax: (215) 440-9354; e-mail: permissions{at}aacr.org . Persons requesting permission should use the form available online (click here for the Permission Form Word document). Requests to reproduce an article in its entirety will be considered on an individual basis and permission may be granted contingent upon payment of an appropriate copyright fee. All reproduction requests must include a brief description of intended use. Our standard turnaround time for permission request replies is two weeks. Please note that if a reply is required in five or fewer business days, a $50.00 per request Rush Fee may be assessed. The Rush Fee is levied in addition to any applicable copyright fees. Important Notice Regarding the NIH Public Access Policy Authors of manuscripts reporting NIH-funded work that are accepted after May 2, 2005 are granted permission to deposit their unedited and unformatted manuscripts on the National Library of Medicine's PubMedCentral database, should they wish to do so. AACR grants such permission, without formal request, subject to the following conditions: Only the accepted manuscript is deposited, not the edited and formatted paper as published in the journal. Authors stipulate that PubMedCentral may release the paper for public access 1 year after its print publication, not sooner. Authors acknowledge the published source of the material. 13. ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisement insertion orders and copy must be received approximately 5 weeks prior to the date of the issue in which the advertisement is to be published. The journal is mailed approximately 5 days before the date of issue; issues are dated the 1st and the 15th of each month. 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